История Архангельска

Arkhangelsk is one of the historical cities of Russia. In the 12th century, the Novgorodians founded the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk (Saint Michael the Archangel) Monastery on the site of the present Arkhangelsk. This monastery at Cape Pur-Navolok was first mentioned in the chronicles in 1419.

In 1553, Richard Chancellor, an English explorer and navigator, reached the village of Nyonoksa, and then the Nikolo-Korelsky Monastery on the island of Yagra (the territory of the present city of Severodvinsk). Since that time, the Russians began to actively trade with the British and Dutch at the mouth of the Northern Dvina River.

The Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Monastery was surrounded by numerous foreign trading posts, warehouses, barns, and huts of merchants from Kholmogory, Vologda, Moscow, who came here during the navigation season.

In 1583, in order to protect this important center of trade from a possible Swedish attack, Ivan the Terrible signed a decree ordering the construction of a fortress on Cape Pur-Navolok. In 1584, which is considered the year of foundation of Arkhangelsk, the construction of fortifications was completed and the settlement was named Novokholmogory (New Kholmogory).

More historical facts…

In 1596, this settlement was first named as the town of Archangel by the name of its monastery. In 1613, the name “Arkhangelsk” was officially approved. By the end of the 16th century, Arkhangelsk became the center of Russian foreign trade (up to 60% of the revenue of the state treasury). The growth of trade was accompanied by the development of the town. Dense groups of wooden buildings were very vulnerable to fires. In 1637, the Mikhailo-Arkhangelsk Monastery, which gave the town its name, burned down.

In the 17th century, Arkhangelsk entered its heyday, thanks to the development of trade with England and other countries of Western Europe. In the second half of the 17th century, the port became its center instead of the wooden fortress. By the end of the 17th century and in the subsequent century, Arkhangelsk continued to grow along the Northern Dvina River.

The state shipyard was built in Arkhangelsk by the order of Peter the Great in 1693. The main problem was that the port was under ice cover for about five months every year. It was one of the reasons why Peter the Great started a military campaign (the Northern War) against the Swedes in the Baltic Sea area to gain additional access to the sea. The war was successful and the town of Saint Petersburg was founded in 1704.

With the outbreak of the Northern War (1700-1721), the White Sea became for Russia the only safe trade route to Western Europe. In 1708, the Arkhangelsk province was formed and the town of Arkhangelsk became its center. Starting from 1713, Peter the Great began to restrict trade through Arkhangelsk in order to develop the new Baltic port of Russia - St. Petersburg. The number of ships arriving in Arkhangelsk fell sharply (230 in 1715 and only 19 in 1724).

Arkhangelsk continued to be one of the main shipbuilding centers in the Russian Empire. In 1762, Catherine II lifted restrictions on foreign trade through Arkhangelsk. But the town could not regain the status of the main port of Russia. Since 1794, it was developed according to a regular plan, wide streets parallel to the embankment were built.

In 1807-1813, during the Napoleonic Wars and in connection with the continental blockade of Great Britain, Arkhangelsk experienced a new economic boom, as it was the only port in the Russian Empire where the British goods could be delivered. In 1846, a theater was opened in the town.

In 1898, Arkhangelsk was connected to Moscow by a narrow gauge railway line (through Vologda). By this time, the population of the town was about 20 thousand people. In the late 19th - early 20th centuries, Arkhangelsk became the largest timber industry and timber export center of the country. In 1914, there were 26 sawmills in the town, which employed 11 thousand workers. Arkhangelsk also was an important base for the exploration of the Arctic and the establishment of shipping along the Northern Sea Route.

Despite the ideology of the Soviet state and religious connotations in the name of Arkhangelsk, it was not changed. Nevertheless, the Soviet period was marked by the demolition of many architectural monuments. Over a dozen churches were destroyed, including the oldest buildings in the town.

By the beginning of the 1930s, the population of Arkhangelsk increased significantly. This city continued to be the most important center for the exploration of the Arctic. During the Second World War, Arkhangelsk was one of the main ports that received cargo from the Allied countries under the Lend-Lease program (the Arctic Convoys).

In 1984, Arkhangelsk celebrated its 400th anniversary. In honor of this event, the so-called “Arkhangelsk Skyscraper” was built in the city center - a 24-story building that became the tallest building in the Arkhangelsk region (82 meters).

In the 1990s, the city experienced a severe economic crisis. The population declined by more than 50 thousand people. At the beginning of the 21st century, the first pedestrian street was opened in Arkhangelsk - Chumbarov-Luchinsky Avenue.

Today, Arkhangelsk is a relatively large transport hub and continues to play an important role as the largest center of the Russian timber industry. Also there are machine-building enterprises (specializing in the production of equipment for the forestry and woodworking industries) and shipbuilding plants.

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