Дополнительный материал по теме "Модальные глаголы"

Грамматика в использовании. Модальные глаголы

Модальные   глаголы   в   английском   языке  — это небольшая группа особых  глаголов . От обычных они отличаются тем, что не могут выражать конкретные действия или состояния, а лишь отражают некое отношение говорящего к этим действиям: оценку, возможность, вероятность, способность или необходимость совершения действия.

Например : I can play football. — Я могу (умею) играть в футбол.

I may be late. — Я могу опоздать.

Модальные глаголы не меняются в зависимости от лица и времени действия .

Вопросительная форма не требует вспомогательных глаголов , а в отрицательной добавляется частичка not .

Например : Can you call me later? — Ты можешь позвонить мне позже?

I cannot answer the phone right now. — Я не могу ответить на звонок сейчас .

Can/Could

Can

Can you help me today?

• possibility
• ability
• permission
• request

Can you speak English?

Could

I can drive a car.  You can go.

• past possibility, ability
• asking for permission
• request

Could you pass me some sugar?

She could read when she was five years old.

May/Might

May

You may leave your bag here until the classes are over. 

• request
• permission
• possibility

May I take your book?

Might

They may know it, but I am really not sure.

• possibility (higher degree of doubt)
• polite suggestion

They might know it, but they were out of town .

Should/Ought to

Should

You should tell me the truth before it’s too late. 

• suggestion, advice

You ought to phone Kim, she is ill.

Ought to

You ought to keep children under control.

• moral obligation denoting a duty, advice or a reasonable action

You ought to practice more to enter the university. 

Must/Mustn’t

Must

• obligation imposed by the speaker / logical assumption
• assumption

Mustn’t

• Prohibition
• recommendation

You must stay in bed until the temperature gets down. 

This must be Tom.

You must not swim in this river alone. 

You mustn’t eat so much sugar.

Need

• В качестве модального глагола используется, чтобы спросить или дать разрешение. Как правило, его используют лишь в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях.

— Need I speak to him right now? 

— Yes, you must /No, you needn’t.

Must/Have to

match

can, can’t

Obligation/strong recommendation

should/ought to/had better

Lack of obligation/necessity

must/have to/shouldn’t

permission/possibility

Recommendation/advice

mustn’t

Prohibition

don’t have to

Present

Past

• must/have to

• had to

• couldn’t (general ability in the past):

My dad could run really fast when he was young.

• can

• was/were able to (specific ability in the past, particular situation):

I wasn’t able to do my h/w last night.

I was too tired

Make up the sentences

Choose the correct word

• He … ( can’t/couldn’t ) open the window as it was stuck.
• … ( Can/May ) I use me your bike for today?
• … ( May/Could ) you give me the recipe for this cake?
• I hardly ever see Jane, she … ( may/might ) have moved to Africa.
• Take an umbrella. It … ( may/can ) rain.
• You … ( could/should ) stop smoking. You know you … ( cannot/must not ) buy health.
• Liz doesn’t … ( ought to/have to ) keep to a diet anymore.
• You … ( must not/needn’t ) read in the dark.
• My grandfather is retired, so he … ( shouldn’t/doesn’t have to ) go to work.
• We … ( may/ought to ) reserve a table in advance if we want to have dinner there.

Check your answers

• He couldn’t open the window as it was stuck.
• May I use me your bike for today?
• Could you give me the recipe for this cake?
• I hardly ever see Jane, she might have moved to Africa.
• Take an umbrella. It may rain.
• You should stop smoking. You know you cannot buy health.
• Liz doesn’t have to keep to a diet anymore.
• You must not read in the dark.
• My grandfather is retired, so he doesn’t have to go to work.
• We ought to reserve a table in advance if we want to have dinner there.