«MODULE. Syntax as a branch of language science. A phrase as a syntactic unit»

F.B. Mardonova

Doctor of Philosophy.

Navoi State Pedagogical Institute

Uzbekistan

MODULE 1. SYNTAX AS A BRANCH OF LANGUAGE SCIENCE.

A PHRASE AS A SYNTACTIC UNIT

Topic 1. THE SUBJECT AND TASKS OF SYNTAX. BASIC SYNTACTIC UNITS

Plan:

1. Subject and tasks of the syntax

2. A phrase as a syntactic unit

3. A sentence as a syntactic unit

Reference words: grammar, syntax, word, word combination,

phraseological units, analytical forms of words, word combination, predicative and non-predicative combinations, compositional phrases, subordinate phrases, connection, syntactic means, sentence, complex syntactic whole, syntactic system of the language; morphology; lexicology.

Syntax (Greek. syntaxis is one of the sections of grammar that studies how words are combined in a phrase and sentence, as well as the types of sentences, their structure, functions, and terms of use.

For example, the phrases run to the grove, walk to the station, and reach for the ball have different lexical meanings, but they all follow the same pattern (a verb with the prefix do-and a noun in the genitive case with the preposition доdo), and all have the same general abstract meaning (action and its spatial limit).

OffersSpring has arrived; Birds sing. The snow has melted; The Person goes have different contents, consist of words with different lexical meanings, but they are all constructed according to the general rule: these are sentences that consist of only two main terms (subject and predicate), and their general abstract meaning is the same; they denote the subject and its action. Other types of sentences are also studied in the same way in the syntax.

One of the first tasks of syntax is to study syntactic relations – syntactic relations expressed by means of a language.

The study of sentences in their structural integrity is the next task of syntax.

So far, we have talked about the tasks that the traditional syntax set. Modern syntactic science distinguishes at least three aspects: formal, communicative and semantic.

1. The question of the number of syntactic units is controversial.

Indisputable syntactic units are the phrase (SS), simple sentence (PP), and complex sentence (SP). They add the word form and a complex syntactic whole (CCC).

The main difference between SS and PP is the difference between non-predicative and predicative syntax units.

1. Like lexemes, syntactic units and their components have lexical (real) and grammatical (syntactic) meanings.

Grammatical values are the general values of syntactic units of the same structure.

Lexical meanings are specific, individual meanings of syntactic units associated with the lexical meanings of their constituent words and word forms.

The following types of syntactic meanings are distinguished: attributive, object, subject, completive, circumstantial, appositive, and predicative relationships.

1. The means of expressing syntactic values are called syntactic means.

The most important syntactic means of the Russian language is the word form: autumn day, supporter of peace, new book. Prepositions work together with the word form: approach the forest, walk in the forest, take care of people.

An indicator of syntactic relations in SS is also the word order, which is involved in expressing the direction of syntactic communication in PP: My father is a teacher. The teacher is my father. Being determines consciousness.

Intonation is involved in the expression of syntactic values in PP. Sometimes it is the only indicator of syntactic relationships: She sang well, danced; She drops her headdress in the crimson forest.

In the traditional syntax, there are two parts:: 1) the doctrine of the phrase, which considers the types of syntactic relations between words and varieties of subordinate phrases, and 2) the doctrine of the sentence, which sets out the laws of construction of simple and complex sentences.

Therefore, the basic units of syntax are a phrase and a sentence.

A phrase and a sentence are different syntactic units. The sentence performs a communicative function, i.e. it serves as a means of communication; the phrase performs a nominative function, i.e. it serves to specify the names of objects, actions, and attributes. A phrase consists of words, and a sentence consists of words and phrases.

A sentence isolated from the text is usually incomplete or incomplete. It only gets its full meaning when combined with other sentences. A group of sentences that are closely related in meaning and grammar forms a complex syntactic whole, which reflects the principles and rules of constructing a coherent text.

Although the phrase, sentence, and complex syntactic whole are units of different levels, they are part of a single syntactic system of the language.

5. Syntax is closely related to morphology, since syntax and morphology are components of a single whole-grammar. Morphology considers a word as a part of speech, i.e. defines the rules for changing words, and syntax studies a word as a component of a phrase or sentence, i.e. defines the rules for combining words into phrases and sentences.

"There is nothing in morphology," V. V. Vinogradov wrote, " that syntax does not have or did not have before." The syntax consists­of parts of speech, their division into significant and service names depend on their syntactic function.

There is a close relationship between syntax and vocabulary. The syntactic function of word forms may depend on their lexical meaning. Cf.: We watch this movie for a week.

Depending on the lexical content , the structural and semantic types of the following sentences differ: Screams (two-part, incomplete). It's getting light (single-part, full). Beauty! (single-part, complete). Beautiful girl! (two-part, incomplete).

Finally, the semantic structure of a sentence is largely determined by its lexical content.

Questions and tests to fix the topic:

1. What is the subject of syntax?

2. Name the main syntactic units.

3. What is meant by grammatical meanings of syntactic units?

4. List the syntactic tools of the Russian language.

1. Basic grammar sections...

morphology and syntax

lexicology and word formation

word formation and morphology

phonetics and lexicology

2. What are the main syntax units?

a sentence and phrase

sentence and word

a phrase and a complex sentence

word combination and phrase

3. What is the origin of the word "syntax"?

in Latin

greek

in English

native Russian

4. What section of grammar studies a word as a component of a phrase or sentence?

syntax

morphology

lexicology

word formation

5. What syntactic units are usually distinguished at the present stage?

sound, phonetic word, phrase

sema, semema, lexeme

root, suffix, prefix

phrase, sentence, CCC, text

References:

1. Rosenthal D. E., Golub I. B., Telenkova M. A. Sovremennyy russkiy yazyk [Modern Russian language].RolfPubl., 2003, 448 p. (in Russian)

2.Abramov N. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. - M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999. Electronic version: gramota.ru.

4.Anoshkina Zh. G. Dictionary of homonymic word forms of the Russian language, Moscow, 2001, 420 p.

5. Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language, Moscow, 2001, 450 p.

6. Bogomazov G. M. Modern Russian literary language. Phonetics, Moscow, 2001, 352 p.

Topic 2. phrase. CLASSIFICATION WORD COMBINATIONS

Plan:

1. The concept of slovosoetanieчетании

2. A phrase and a word

3. Classification of phrases

4. Synonymy of phrases

Reference words: word, word combination, phrase, the whole phrase, paradigm phrases syntactically free and syntactically proprietary (solid, nacinima) phrases, andcontemporary phrase, noun phrase, adjectival phrase, operativnye phrases, pronominal phrase, verb phrase, adverbial phrase types of phrases in the structure, a simple phrase, complex phrases, syntactical synonyms.

1. A phrase is a combination of two or more significant words connected by a subordinate connection. For example, a stone wall, my father's house, get involved in music, run fast, come to rest, have a strong spirit , etc.

In these phrases, the words wall, house, get carried away, run, come, strong are the main ones (subordinating, core), and the words stone, father, music, fast, relax, spirit are dependent (subordinate). From the main word to the dependent word, you can ask the question: wall (which one?) kamennaya; dom (whose house?) father; get carried away (with what?) music; run (how?) quickly; arrive (for what? why?) relax; strong (with what?) spirit , etc.

The phrase is formed by spreading the main word with dependent (explanatory) words, for example: apple – delicious apple; smart – very smart; read – read a book; more expensive – more expensive than gold; three or three children , etc.

Some researchers understand SS as a combination of significant words based on any syntactic connection, including predicative (Gvozdev A. N., Skoblikova E. S., Sukhotin V. P., etc.).

2. The phrase and word bring together the following features: a) like a word, SS is not a communicative unit; b) like a word, SS does not have predicativity; c) like a word, SS is a nominative language unit; d) like a word, SS has an initial form and a paradigm (system of forms).

However, it is more important to note the differences between the SS and the word: the word is simpler in structure, since the SS consists of at least two significant words, one of which is the main (core), the other – dependent (subordinate). For example: ручкаdoor handle, open door, old door.

3. Syntactically free and syntactically non-free (integral, non-articulate) SSS are distinguished by the degree of semantic solderability. The former differ in that each of their components performs the function of a separate member of the sentence; integral SSS, like phraseological units, are a single member of the sentence.

In the offer: Много песенMany songs rang over the Volga stand out one whole set of Many songs and one free-rang over the Volga. выделяются одно цельное СС Много песен и одно свободное – звенело над Волгой.

In whole grains SS the main word is semantically insufficient, and the dependent word makes up for this deficiency.

There are the following groups of whole SS:

1) quantitative-named sss: three palm trees, a few steps, hundreds of roads, a couple of horses, some books, a pile of stones, a glass of milk, etc.;

2) combinations with the meaning of compatibility: mother and son, we are with you;

3) combinations with the value of selectivity: one of the students, one of us, any of the students, one of the most beautiful cities;

4) combinations of an adjective / participle with a noun that names a generic concept: A vain man is always base; he was a free, solitary man.

5) combinations of nouns with prepositions from-to, from-to: Flight from Tashkent to Bukhara; From sunrise to sunset, the streets are bustling with life.

This list of complete phrases covers only the main types. Knowledge of them is essential.

However, not all word combinations can be word combinations. For example, such word combinations are not considered word combinations in which none of the words is subordinate to the other, for example: a) the combination of the subject with the predicate, since it forms a grammatical basis consisting of the main members (Зеленеет the grassturns green; The sun has set; The air is fresher , etc.; b) a combination of words united by a compositional connection, since these are equal homogeneous members of the sentence (exactly andbright, hopes and flour, red and yellow etc.); C) the combination of significant words from service, a significant (more convenient, less comfortable; most beautiful; 'm going to read; let them teach; teach; near forest; around the house , etc.) g) phraseological unitsas they are used each time as a complete unit, with the same sequence of components (RUB points; to get angry; good fellow; sleeves rolled up , etc.)

4. Classification of phrases

Word combinations are classified according to different principles: the main word, the structure, the semantic relations between the components of the phrase, and the grammatical connection of words in the phrase.

1. Types of word combinations based on the main word.

Depending on which part of speech the main word belongs to, phrases are divided into:

1. andvarious phrases, with the main word being:

a) имена существительные – substantive nouns: clear day, roof of the house, oldman with glasses;

b) adjectives-adjectives: red with embarrassment, very inquisitive, well-known to people, well-known to everyone;

c) numeral names – numbered: two students, three friends, the first on the list, etc.;

1. pronominal phrases – pronominal-with the pronoun as the main word: one of you, something strange, each of the participants, etc.

2. verb phrases with the verb in various forms as the main word: study hard, talk about yourself, look around, illuminated by the sun, etc.

3. adverbial phrases – adverbial – with adverbs as the main word: very nice, slightly to the left, especially sharply, not far from the city, etc.

1. Types of word combinations by structure.

Depending on the number of significant words, phrases are divided into simple and complex.

Simple phrases consist of two significant words: one main and one dependent: blue sky, work enthusiastically, read a book, etc.

Easy to include combinations in which the dependent component is expressed by a noun with a preposition (to jump over a fence, a boat with a sail, walk around the house , etc.), phraseological combination (to run, to work in a slipshod manner , etc.), whole phrase (the boy with blue eyes, a tall man , etc.). Simple and phrases are analytical (composite) shapes (the most interesting book I will study well, let him tell the tale , etc.)

Phrases that consist of more than two significant words and where one main word dominates two or more dependent words are called complex:

walk quickly down the street,

cut down an old pine tree,

close friend of a brother, etc.

Often in complex phrases, dependent words define the main word from different angles: with pleasure to give an old friend a ride in the car – with pleasure to give a ride, give a ride to a friend, give a ride in the car, an old friend.

5. Synonymy of phrases

Many phrases differ in structure, are similar in meaning, and can be used as syntactic synonyms.

Syntactic synonyms are such differently structured language units that are characterized by common content, but differ in shades of meaning and have the ability to replace each other.

The semantic proximity of synonymous constructions, as well as lexical synonyms, does not mean their identity: ladder steps – ladder steps, Lermontov's prose – Lermontov's prose; walking in the evenings – evening walk; spelling exercises – spelling exercises, etc. In the above examples, combinations with controlled nouns express a specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.), and adjectives synonymous with them have a general meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate a distinctive stable feature. Cf.: children's laughter – children's laughter (not necessarily a child's laughter); shawl from Orenburg (origin) – Orenburg shawl (variety), etc.

Noun phrases are especially rich in synonyms. Thus, the combination of a noun with a possessive adjective can be synonymous with the combination of this noun with the corresponding name in the genitive case: Tolstoy's stories – Tolstoy's stories, dog barking – dog barking, monkey agility – monkey agility. These phrases have, on the one hand, semantic commonality, on the other hand, – distinctive shades. At the same time, the phrase Tolstoy's stories has a colloquial stylistic coloring.

Combinations of dog barking and monkey agility are more imaginative, as they evoke the idea of the second object – the producer of action. Some constructions with possessive adjectives have a figurative meaning (goose skin, turtle step), are terminological in nature (fish oil, chicken blindness).

Relative adjectives can often be replaced by the genitive (or other indirect) case of a noun or prepositional turn: night silence – silence of the night, sports festival-sports festival, Siberian forests – forests of Siberia, fearless man – a man without fear, January day – a day in January, etc.

For some nouns, an indication of the size of an object or property can be expressed either by a combination of the preposition b, a numeral and a noun, or by an adjective corresponding to this phrase: a house with five floors – a five-story house, a wire with a length of eight meters – an eight-meter wire, at a temperature of forty degrees – at a temperature of forty degrees, etc.

Verb phrases can also be synonymous: love singing – love singing, start working – start working, stop talking – stop talking. In each pair of these phrases, dependent words denote the same process, but in different ways: the words singing, working, and talking, as well as the words singing, working, and talking, denote the same process, but in a "substantive"way.

Synonymy of prepositional and prepositional management is widely represented in verb phrases: work in the evenings - work in the evenings, fly by plane - fly by plane, do not sleep at night - do not sleep at night, etc.These phrases differ from each other not only in structure, but also in the передаваемымadditional shades they convey. Prepositional phrases usually have a more specific character, and the relationship between words is clarified. So, in the phrase go on the street (cf.: go on the street), it is emphasized that the movement takes place on the surface; and in the combination do not sleep at night (cf.: do not sleep at night) the time of action is highlighted.

Often similar phrases arise due to the synonymy of the prepositions included in them: to go by metro - in the subway; absence due to illness - due to illness-due to illness, etc. Some of these phrases differ stylistically, in the scope of use, and sometimes in meaning. So, to be absent due to illness is a neutral phrase, and to be absent due to illness is a bookish one; synonymous prepositions express causal relationships. The phrases conversations about the trip-about the trip-about the trip-about the trip – about the trip-about the trip give a decreasing concretization of the subject of speech and stylistic differentiation. Neutral character of the preposition about; colloquial-prepositions about and about; bookish, inherent in old and business speech-prepositions about and concerning.

In the constructions go for water and go for water, prepositions express target relationships; the first phrase is widely used in modern Russian, and the second is colloquial in nature

Questions and tests to fix the topic:

1. What is a phrase?

2. What combinations of words are not word combinations?

3. What types of phrases are distinguished by the degree of semantic solderability of components?

4. What phrases are considered integral?

5. What is meant by "syntactic synonymy"?

6. Can synonymous constructions be formed from all phrases?

1. What syntax unit is formed by spreading one word (the main one) by other words (dependent ones)?

phrase

proposal

text

common offer

2. What combinations of words are not word combinations?

said something; bitterly offended

contrary to reason; promised, but did not do

barely noticeable; desire to be liked

lie in the rye; masquerade without masks

3. What is typical for the core word of a whole phrase?

it has a weakened lexical meaning

it is combined with a limited number of distributors

it has a fixed position in the phrase

it always has the initial form

4. Which line contains pronominal phrases?

teach someone a lesson; somewhere in the west

our passions; be friends with everyone

no one to meet; my city

No one I know; something important

5. Specify which phrases can't be used syntactically as synonyms.

Withtaya cranes, the voice of a man

the trampling of horses, the scales of fish

Sister's book, eagle's eye

roof of the house, the joy of meeting

References:

1. Rosenthal D. E., Golub I. B., Telenkova M. A. Sovremennyy russkiy yazyk [Modern Russian language].RolfPubl., 2003, 448 p. (in Russian)

2. Valgina N. S. Syntaxis sovremennogo russkogo yazyka [Syntax of the modern Russian language] / / Textbook / Electronic edition, Moscow: Center for Distance Education of MGUP, 2002, 432 p.

3. Valgina N. S. Modern Russian language. Punctuation, Moscow: Vysshaya shkola Publ., 1999, 200 p.

4. Valgina N. S. Aktivnye protsessy v sovremennom russkom yazyke: Uchebnoe posobie [Active processes in the modern Russian language: A textbook]. Moscow: Logos Publ., 2001, 304p.

5. Valgina N. S. Aktual'nye problemy sovremennoy russkoy punctuatsii [Actual problems of modern Russian punctuation].

6. Vinogradov V. V. Russkiy yazyk: (Grammaticheskoe uchenie o slovo) [Russian Language: (Grammatical teaching about the word)], Moscow, 2001, 640 p.

Topic 3. SEMANTIC RELATIONS AND TYPES OF SUBORDINATE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE COMPONENTS OF THE PHRASE.

Plan:

1. Semantic relations between the components of word combinations

2. Types of subordinate relations in the phrase

3. Full and incomplete approval

4. Strong and weak management

Reference words: main (core) and dependent words.

defining, object, subject, circumstantial, and complementary relationships; coordination, management, and adjunction.

1. Different semantic (syntactic) relationships can be established between the main and dependent components of a phrase. There are three main types of such relationships: determinative, objective, and circumstantial.

Definitional (attribute-based)values­ relationships are observed in phrases whose main words denote objects, and dependent words-signs of these objects: delicious (what?) yagoda, my (whose?) house, second (which one?) row, turkish coffee (what?), book (whose?), desire (what?)­­­ study, etc.

Object relationships are observed in phrases, key words which denote actions and States, and dependent objects (objects) associated with these actions and States, i.e. it is the relations which are established in the phrase between the main and dependent words and which indicate a different relationship between the action and the object on which this action is directed (directly or indirectly): to write (what?) presentation, be interested in (what?) art (the action and the object it is directed at); cutting (with what?) with a knife (action and instrument of action); yearn(about what?) about the house (the state and object that this state is associated with) , etc.

Circumstantial relationships are observed in phrases whose main words denote actions, and dependent ones-various circumstances of these actions (time, direction of action, place, purpose, quality, etc.): leave (when?) Tomorrow (time), go (where?) right (direction of action), cry (for what reason?) from joy (action and its cause), to do (for what purpose?) out of spite (the purpose of the action) , etc.

In the linguistic literature, subject names are also distinguished (for example, NS. Valgina), complementary (replenishing) (V. V.Babaitseva et al.), appositive syntactic relations.

Subject relations – relations in which the dependent word of the phrase denotes the producer of the action indicated by the dominant word: the arrival of a delegation, the crying of children, the chirping of birds , etc.

Subject syntactic relations are found more often in constructions with a passive turn, in which the creative case of the name has the meaning of the subject, for example: planted by the father, raised by the nanny, overturned by the wind , etc.

Kompletnie (lat. withompletivus – full ) syntactic relationships arise from the needs of some words have additional (mandatory) semantic refinement, with a dependent word heals informative insufficient core component, i.e. it is a relationship in which the dependent component of the phrase is a necessary semantic addition, without which the dominant word is not sufficiently informative: three students, to be superfluous, a lot of students, to be eccentric, different endurance, to make themselves visible , etc.

Appositive relations – relations between the application and the defined word that express the quality-property of the object, generic attribute, etc.: fortress city, cockatoo parrot, eucalyptus tree, landscape artist, etc.

2. Grammatical connection in a phrase

In word combinations, dependent words are associated with the main one in three ways of subordinate communication: coordination, management, and adjunction.

Agreement – this is such a subordinating connection, in which the dependent word is put in the same number, gender and case, and the key word: high tree (in this phrase dependent adjective high is consistent with the noun tree in the singular, the neuter nominative), my friend (in this phrase dependent pronoun agrees with the noun in the singular, masculine, instrumental case), etc.

Approval can be complete or incomplete. When fully matched, the dependent word completely coincides with the forms of the main word (in gender, number, case): smiling child (the dependent participle smiling agrees with the noun child in the singular, neuter, nominative case), etc. In case of incomplete matching, the dependent word coincides with the forms of the main word in the number and case (city of Tashkent – cities of Tashkent – city Tashkent, etc.), gender and number (with a person named Likhachev), number (with a person named Fish), case (with five notebooks).

Management is such a subordinate relationship, in which the main word requires the formulation of a dependent word in a certain case form: write (what?) writing (the verb requires the accusative case), get involved (what?) music (the verb requires a creative case), etc.

Management can be simple (chop off an axe, catch a perch, ножка table leg) and prepositional (believe in the future, look like your father, leave the city, jump over a stream).

Management can be strong or weak.

With strong control, the main word determines the obligatory appearance of the controlled case form with its lexical and grammatical properties, that is, the connection is necessary. Strong control is found regularly in transitive verbs, and it can occur in nouns and adjectives of certain lexical semantics, for example: send a letter, listen to the radio, have a lot of time, do a lot of things, be faithful to your duty, be devoted to a friend, etc.

If the control is weak, the distribution of the dominant word is optional (look out the window, look at it, watch TV).

Adjunction is a subordinate relationship in which the dependent word is associated with the main word only in meaning. Join usually immutable significant words: adverbs, infinitives, gerunds (to arrive quickly , the adverb is adjoined to the verb; to go cool off – the infinitive is adjacent to the verb denoting motion, going limp - the gerund is adjacent to the verb, etc.), as well as the comparative degree of the adjective (children older), some indeclinable adjectives (coat beige suit khaki, dress electrician).

The main words are verbs, nouns, adjectives: глаза bulging eyes, going out to freshen up, ready to make friends, Turkish coffeeпо-турецки , etc.

Questions and tests to fix the topic:

1. What syntactic relations arise in the case of a subordinate relation?

2. What are the means of expressing syntactic relations and relationships?

3. What syntactic relationship is called matching? Which approval is complete and which is incomplete?

4. What syntactic relationship is called control? Which controls are weak and which ones are strong?

5. What syntactic connection is called adjunction?

1. Determine the semantic relationships between the components of the phrases: learn quickly; roadhouse; mistake due to inattention.

andthe stands

object

comprehensive services

circumstantial

2. Determine which line contains phrases with only the management link.

entering the audience, advice from friends, write a statement, meet occasionally

go south, hate lies, see footprints, eat fish

the pursuit of knowledge, go to the goal, go without turning around, build a house

tell the truth, speak English, read the newspaper, understand what is being said

3. Determine the semantic relationships between the components of the phrases: being superfluous; getting started; part-time.

andthe stands

object

subject areas

comprehensive services

4. Which line contains nominal adjective phrases?

first on the list; young man

corrected by the author; something funny

very cheerful; red with excitement

spoilt by all; ninth on the edge

5. Determine which line contains phrases with only the matching link.

пlast edition, any of the students, our doctor, two friends

fifth floor, cold gaze, desire to learn, your desire

my dream, third lesson, four books, beautiful pattern

bird's nest, moonlight, bread kvass, forest edge

References:

1. Rosenthal D. E., Golub I. B., Telenkova M. A. Sovremennyy russkiy yazyk [Modern Russian language].RolfPubl., 2003, 448 p. (in Russian)

2. Zemskaya E. A. Modern Russian language. Syntax. Uchebnoe posobie [Textbook], Moscow: Flinta. The science. 2006. -325 p.

3. Ivanova T. F. New orthoepical dictionary of the Russian language. Pronunciation. Accent. Grammatical forms, Moscow: Rus. ya. z.- Media, 2005.

4. Kamynina A. A. Modern Russian language. Morphology: A textbook for students of philological faculties of state universities, Moscow: MSU Publishing House, 1999, 240 p.

Glossary

Actual division is the division of an utterance into two components containing two types of information: less important, predetermined by the context (topic) and the most important, usually new (rhema).

Appositive relations (Latin appositio – appendix) – relations between two nouns denoting the same denotation.

An asemantic union is a union that does not express relationships, but only performs the function of communication.

Attribute relations – defining relations: an object and its attribute, an action and its attribute, a sign and the degree of its manifestation.

Vocative sentence – a one-part sentence with the main member –

nouns in the nominative case that have the meaning of handling an estimated value: approval, disapproval, reproach, etc. For example: Eh, Petya, Petya!

Complementing relationships – the relationship between an informatively deficient word and its distributor; the same as complementing relationships.

An utterance is a unit of communicative syntax; a sentence expressing a specific communicative goal: statement, question, motivation, desire; with expressed actual information (see actual division).

A genitive sentence is a one-part sentence with the main member -

noun in the genitive case: Water! The scalpel!

Hypotaxis-from Greek. hypotaxis, " location "under". A syntactic connection formed by subordinate conjunctions, relative pronouns, or word forms.

Gradation relations – relations of inequality, differences in the degree of manifestation: from less to more or from more to less.

Bidirectional communication – double subordination, i.e. subordination of a word form to two components of a sentence at the same time (see doplněk).

A two-part simple sentenceis the main structural and semantic type of a simple sentence that has the most complete set of differential features. The main feature of a two – part sentence is the presence of two main members-the subject and predicate, which denotethe subject of speech (the subject, the carrier of the predicative feature) andits predicative feature(action, state). 

Determinant-propagator of a sentence with a circumstantial or subject-object meaning.

Determinant relationship – a relationship in a complex sentence in which the subordinate clause refers to the entire main sentence.

incomplete predication.

Inversion – reverse word order: predicate – subject, noun-adjective, noun with object meaning-verb, etc.

A complementary relationship is a complementary relationship. Completivesyntactic relations arise due to the need for some words to have an additional (mandatory) semantic refinement, while the dependent word form makes up for an informatively insufficient core component, for example: to be known as an oddball, to be called a gruzdy, to be distinguished by endurance, to become noticeable, etc.

Syntactically proprietaryphrase or include lack of informative components lexically weakened by value, resulting in the use of the entire phrase as a single lexical and syntactic units, or are structurally nachinkami in this context, for example:withread ally to help a lot of songs, mother son, girl high growth, etc. In any case, the phrase performs the function of one part of the sentence.

Free phrases consist of words that retain their independence due to sufficient information content. In a sentence, each component of a free phrase plays an independent role.

A monopredicative unit is a syntactic unit that contains a single predicative element (a simple sentence).

Objectsyntactic relations denote the relationship between an action and an object, answer questions about indirect cases, and are possible in verb phrases and noun phrases with verbal nouns or adjectives. 
Circumstantialsyntactic relations denote the relations between an action and a sign, an action and a state, a sign and a sign, answer questions of proper circumstantial adverbs, and are possible in verb and noun phrases (with an adjective). Semantic varieties of circumstantial syntactic relations are similar to the categories of proper circumstantial adverbs. 
In the linguistic literature, there are also subject, complementary (complementary) syntactic relations, syntactic relations of measure and syntactic relations of degree.