Лишайники на старых автомобилях

Teaching – research on the topic:

  Lichens on old cars

Made by:

Danilа Borisov,

Alexandra Sviridova,

Julia Tretyak,

Victor Saakyan,

Daniil Silenkov

Supervisors:

Tatiana Kutentsina,

English teacher

Galina Lebedeva,

Biology teacher

The purpose:

The objectives:

• To find out why lichens grow on the old abandoned cars outside the city and do not grow in the city .

• To study the literature and identify the limiting environmental factors influencing the development of lichens in the urban environment.
• 2. To conduct the survey "Man, car, lichens."
• 3. To examine and evaluate the air pollution of some college vehicle emissions.
• 4. Using the mosaic method to determine the purity of the air.
• 5. Get the experimental data and draw conclusions.

Hypothesis: The existence of lichens on old cars depends on the degree of air pollution.

• 1. Observation
• 2. Comparison
• 3. Measurement.
• The territory of Yaroslavskaya street
• Lichens.

The methods of investigation:

The matter of study:

The object of study :

The practical significance lies in the fact that the results of the study are suitable for the determination of environmental pollution in any part of the city.

The analysis showed that 0% of students and 55% of parents believe that lichens exhibit enhanced sensitivity to chemical pollution and could serve as its indicators; 67% of students and 65% of parents believe that lichens can grow on older vehicles; 50% of students and 22% of parents believe that if the air contains a significant concentration of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide in particular, lichens disappear.

In order to find out if a car from the blessings of civilization can turn into its Beach, we decided to conduct a survey among the students and parents of our College. The survey was conducted by means of questionnaires. The survey was attended by 58 students and 40 parents.

Processing

of survey results:

Analysis:

Conclusion:

The car is not only one of the greatest inventions of mankind, but also one of the harmful pollution sources.

• The determination of lichens’ structure. (The objective: to find out weather the lichens can grow on rusty iron ).
• The determination of the purity of the air by the "mosaic“ near the college. ( The objective: To assess the pollution of the air by the "mosaic").
• The estimate calculation of the amount of harmful emissions into the air from vehicles. (The purpose: To calculate the amount of emissions into the atmosphere of the major pollutants from motor vehicles on the road).

Experiments:

The territory of college is located at the intersection of two roads with heavy vehicular traffic.

Step 1.

1. The location and characteristics of the area.

2. The Determination of lichens

structure

We took some lichen pieces from the nearest trees, crushed in a mortar and moistened with water. Then left the glass in the laboratory for 12 days.

STEP 2.

The determination of the purity of the air by the "mosaic" method near the college.

The results of

study:

Conclusion and

comparison:

Frequency of occurrence ( in %)

Hardly ever

rarely

less than 5%

The degree of coverage ( in %)

very low

5-20%

rarely

less than 5%

often

Assessment score

low

20-40%

averrage

1

40-60%

more often than not

5-20%

20-40%

high

2

6—100%

40-60%

very high

3

6—100%

4

5

Calculation: about college - 0%;

in the college courtyard - (50 + 75 + 40 + 35 + 55) / 5 = 51%

Frequency of occurrence ( in %)

Hardly ever

rarely

The degree of coverage ( in %)

less than 5%

rarely

5-20%

very low

low

Assessment score

20-40%

less than 5%

often

averrage

more often than not

5-20%

1

40-60%

2

20-40%

high

6—100%

3

40-60%

very high

4

6—100%

5

The degree of air pollution around the college is very

strong and belongs to the first zone;

in the courtyard the air is cleaner, it’s in the third zone.

СС

The comparison with the ecological map of Moscow demonstrates the fact that the college is located in a really unfavorable ecological zone.

STEP 3

• As a material for studying, we took a highway adjoining to the college area.
• The observations were carried out on the 13 of December 2017. The total number of hours is 40 minutes or 2400 seconds. 2206 cars were fixed during the observation period. The results of observations are set out below.

The calculated estimate of the amount of harmful emissions into the air from vehicles.

№

date

1

Time observations

2

13.01 morning

13.01 evening

Number of vehicles

9:00- 9:20

974 (including 25-bus 164, trucks, tractors, 2 1 sweeper).

T average (in seconds)

16 h. 0000 m- 4:20 pm

total

1232 (including 34-bus, 214 6 trucks, tractors).

The average time spent on the machine directions near College and stop, 14 sec. Peak: vehicles with 17. h. 0000 m. to 6:00 pm 40 min.

40 minutes (2400 s.)

14 sec.

2206

14

Calculation: 1000g / 2400 sec. x 14sec. x 2206 machines = 12868.3333(grams)

Conclusion: The amount of pollutants emitted by cars is very high in the atmosphere

• A lichen body consists of two organisms: fungi and algae. This fact suggests that lichens can really grow on rusty iron.

• Because the college is located next to the road, the "mosaic" method has shown that the air near it is highly polluted. It is better in the yard, due to the fact that the building closes the courtyard from the exhaust gases.

• The results of the processed information indicate that the amount of pollutants emitted into the atmosphere by operating motor vehicle engines exceeds the maximum permissible concentration.

• Lichens will not be able to grow on the abandoned old cars in the city .

Conclusions:

We held some campaigns to inform the residents, car owners, motor company managers with the situation on the territory of the Yaroslavskaya street. We met with the deputies of our municipality.

Our proposals

• To improve vehicles and their technical condition (modernizing vehicle designs, the use of new types of fuel and maintenance of the technical condition of the car);
• To reconstruct vehicles using diesel engines. (pollutant emissions of carbon monoxide from a diesel engine is 50-90% lower than from gasoline);
• To limit the spread of pollutants from the source to the man with the help of green spaces (this helps to reduce the concentration of carbon monoxide);
• To build highways in urban detour (this will help to reduce the traffic in the city and consequently the level of pollution).

Realization of the research work:

"... Or people will do so that in the air would be less smoke, or fumes will do so that on the Earth would be less people." (J.Button)

THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION!