Відділ освіти
Комінтернівської районної державної адміністрації
Районний методичний кабінет
Методичні рекомендації щодо
викладання англійської мови
для профільного
(біологічного) рівня
для вчителів та учнів старшої школи
Упорядник Фомюк Л.С.
смт. Комінтернівське
2012
Даний посібник містить додаткові матеріали уроків для учнів старших класів. Розробка адресована широкому учительському загалу – від студентів до учителів – практикантів , а також усім тим , хто цікавиться англійською мовою і культурою.
Автор посібника: Фомюк Л.С. – Вчитель Комінтернівського НВК «ЗОШ І – ІІІ ступенів – гімназія», спеціаліст вищої категорії.
Рецензент: Вегерчук В.В. – вчитель – методист, спеціаліст вищої категорії, методист РМО.
Зміст
TOPIC” PERSONALITY. History of Biology.” 3
TOPIC “ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION” 10
TOPIC”SPORT” 17
TOPIC “FOOD and HEALTH” 21
TOPIC “HARMFUL HABBIT” 35
TOPIC “BIOTECHNOLOGY” 40
ENGLISH – UKRAINIAN DICTIONARY 46
ЛІТЕРАТУРА 50
ДОДАТОК
TOPIC” PERSONALITY. History of Biology.”
WHAT MAKES A PERSONALITY?
If I am asked what makes a personality, I would say without hesitation, no one can define it exactly. Nevertheless, I’ll try to share my personal ideas with you. To begin with, I must say our world is so large. There are so many people in the world, and each human being is a personality, a unique individuality. One cannot find two similar people. I think your image, your dress, hairstyle, your figure and your face play an important role. I am sure the most possible way to show your unique personality is to have different clothes, hairstyle and make-up. This way to show that you are unlike the others and make everyone pay attention to you. But we shouldn’t forget that the inner world of the person, his manner and character are even more important to the community.
Another factor that makes a personality is education. It helps people be more cultured, have richer outlook, know the surrounding world better. It’s my personal belief that hard work is the first and the foremost thing that makes a personality. Even a man who is extremely talented should work hard to develop his abilities.
One more point that should be mentioned is that leisure is also an essential part of one’s life. I can’t but mention Reynold’s words: “The real character of man is found out by his amusements”. It is really true because some people do something both helpful and interesting while others can simply waste their time or even do some damage.
It’s not a secret that a person spends a lot of time with his friends. Usually friends share ideas, opinions; they listen to the same music and have much in common. Communicating with other people means learning something and following in some way other people’s advice and wisdom.
To sum everything up, I’d like to say that lots of various factors influence the personality. Don’t forget there are no ideal people! And if you want to keep in touch with the world you should try to change yourself in order to become a perfect personality.
DICTIONARY
ability - power, cleverness, talent
amusement – something that makes time pass pleasantly
damage – harm or injury that causes loss of value
figure - person
hesitation - state of hesitating
human – of man or mankind
leisure – spare time
personality – state of being a person
share - divide
surrounding – which is around about
wisdom – quality of being wise
Exercises
Answer the questions
Why do you think what you can’t find two similar people?
What another factors makes a personality?
How does person spend a lot of time?
How do you understand the Reynold’s words?
Are you a personality? What do your friends and parents think of you? What do you like to improve in your character?
Make up Mind – Map on the topic “Personality”.
III.Write down why people are famous and important?
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PERSONALITY QUIZ
Exercises
Name well – known scientists and describe them as a personality.
Tell about yourself using tests.
ARE YOU A GOOD SON OR DAUGТER?
Answer the questions and find out if you are a good child of your parents.
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| Yes(V) | No(X) |
| 1) Do you know when your mother’s (father’s) birthday is? |
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| 2) Are you always polite and kind with your parents? |
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| 3) Do you lay the table? |
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| 4) Do you clean your room? |
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| 5) Do you go shopping? |
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| 6) Do you wash the dishes? |
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| 7) Do you make your bed? |
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| 8) Do you air your room? |
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| 9) Do you feed your pet? |
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| 10) Do you do washing? |
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| 11) Do you sometimes buy flowers to your mother? |
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| 12) Do you sometimes give presents to your mother? |
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| 13) Do you usually help your father to fix the furniture? |
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Add one point for each «Yes " answer. Now look at your score.
11- 13 points. You are a very good child. Your parents can be proud of you.
7- 10 points. You are a good child. You sometimes help your parents.
4- 6 points. You must try to be better. Try to think of your parents more often.
Less than 4 points. You are a very bad child. I’m sorry for your parents. You never help them.
STUDY HABITS
Try this questionnaire to find out more about how you like to study.
1) When do you like to study?
a) In the morning.
b) In the afternoon.
c) In the evening.
2) How do you like to study?
a) On your own in silence.
b) On your own with music.
c) With lots of people around.
3) When do you think best and write best?
a) In the morning.
b) In the afternoon.
c) In the evening.
4) Do you find you can do different work at different times of the day?
a) You can read at any time.
b) You can write essays best before breakfast.
c) You can think about your reading better in the evening.
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5) How long do you study?
a) Half an hour, then you have a five minutes’ break.
b) two hours and then you stop and start again later.
c) Fifteen minutes and then you talk to your friends, then you have
another fifteen minutes of study.
6) How do you feel before you begin studying?
a) You look forward to it because you like new ideas.
b) You do it because you have to, but you don’t mind.
c) You feel it is something you have to do, but you don’t like it.
7) How do you feel after you have been studying?
a) Tired but happy.
b) Full of ideas energy.
c) Glad it’s finished because you don’t enjoy it.
8) What helps you relax and study better?
a) Sports.
b) Yoga.
c) Painting or music.
Now compare your answers with the rest of the students. Discuss the best way to study.
WHAT DO YOU THINK OF HOMEWORK?
Answer the questions and find out what kind of student you are.
1. How often do you do homework?
a) Always. b) Usually.
c) Sometimes. d) Never.
2. Do you do homework because…
a) you enjoy it? b) your parents want you to?
c) your teacher wants you to? d) it is necessary?
3. How do you usually feel when you do your homework?
a) Nervous. b) Bored.
c) Indifferent. d) Happy.
4. Where do you usually do your homework?
a) Your bedroom. b) Sitting room.
c) Kitchen. d) School library.
5. When you do homework…
a) are you concentrated on the task? b) do you have the radio on?
c) do you have the TV on? d) do you take some breaks?
6. Do you like doing your homework…
a) alone? b) with a friend?
c) with some friends? d) with your parents?
7. How important is doing homework?
a) Very important. b) Quite important.
c) Not very important. d) I don’t know.
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| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| a | 3 | 3 | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| b | 2 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| c | 1 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| d | 0 | 2 | 3 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
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21- 16 points. You are a very good student. You work hard. You think that school is important for your future life and profession.
15- 9 points. You do not work very hard, but you are not lazy. You go to school just because everybody does.
8- 0 points. You are very lazy. You are sure you don’t need homework and you make a serious mistake. You’d better change your thoughts about school or it’ll be late.
ARE YOU ADVENTUROUS?
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| Yes | No |
| 1. Have you ever been to a concert? |
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| 2. Have you eaten a Chinese food? |
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| 3. Have you ever been skiing? |
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| 4. Have you been to a party recently? |
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| 5. Have you read any books recently? |
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| 6. Have you ever been to the theatre? |
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| 7. Have you ever been to the cinema recently? |
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| 8. Have you made any new friends recently? |
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| 9. Have you ever been riding a bike? |
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| 10. Have you ever been horseriding? |
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You answered "yes" to 2 or less questions. Oh dear! You’ve got 1 or 2 hobbies but you aren’t interested in new things. Perhaps you watch too much television. Be careful… or you’ll become boring!
You answered "yes" to 3-6 questions. Not bad! You quite like new things. If you answered «no" to questions 5 or 6, your interests are a bit limited. You may be shy. Perhaps you aren’t adventurous enough!
You answered "yes" to 7 or more questions. Fantastic! You like new things. You don’t like sitting at home and watching TV. You like trying new sports and meeting different people. You’re a very adventurous person!
WHAT CHARACTER DO YOU HAVE?
Answer the questions and find out the results.
1. Do you respect friendship?
Yes. (1) No. (0)
2. Do you like new things?
Yes. (0) No. (1)
3. Do you like old clothes more than the new ones?
Yes. (1) No. (0)
4. Did you change your mind about future profession more than three times?
Yes. (0) No. (1)
5. Do you lose your confidence when you have to solve a difficult problem?
Yes. (0) No. (1)
6. Do you collect anything?
Yes. (1) No. (0)
7. Do you often change your plants at the last moment?
Yes. (0) No. (1)
6 -7 points. You make troubles to your parents, teachers and friends very seldom.
3 – 5 points. Your mood and character change quickly. Don’t forget that you will be successful only if you are insistent.
0 -2 points. Attention! You should trust your parents more and try to find friends among the people near you.
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ARE YOU A LONER?
Answer the questions and find out a result.
1. Where do you think is the best place to live?
a) In the town centre. b) In a suburb.
c) In the country, but quite near a town. d) Right out in the country.
2. it’s your birthday. Do you:
a) Have a big party. b) Meet a few friends for a drink.
c) Go out for a meal with a close friend. d) Go to bed with a good book.
3. Which kind of holiday would you enjoy the most?
a) Staying at a busy seaside town with lots to do in the evening.
b) Driving and camping with a group of friends.
c) A quite stay in the country with your family.
d) Going off alone on a walking holiday.
4. A friend invites you to a party. You go, and find you don’t know any of the other guests. Do you:
a) Make lots of new friends. b) Ask your friend to introduce you to a few people.
c) Stay close to your friend. d) Sit in a corner quite happily.
5. You’re alone on New Year’s Eve. How do you feel?
a) Very lonely. b) A bit lonely.
c) You don’t really mind. d) Pleased.
6. Would you enjoy any of these? Tick (V) the boxes.
- eating in a restaurant alone;
- going on a long journey alone;
- going swimming alone;
- going to the cinema;
- spending a weekend alone at home.
1-5: a=1 b=3 c=5 d=7 6: 1 point for each V
5-13 points. You like being with other people very much. Do you spend any time alone? Other people are a lot of fun – but remember that being alone can be fun too. Try it some time!
14- 23 points. You don’t like a busy life. You like other people, but you also like to keep a little time for yourself.
24-33 points. You are quiet. You like being alone, but you’re happiest with a close friend. Bid parties are not for you. Your motto is "Two’s company – three’s a crowd".
34-41 points. You are a real loner – you would be quite happy living on an island. But don’t forget that there are a lot of other people in the world – and some of them are very interesting.
DICTIONARY
insistent – urgent
to solve – find the answer to
well-balanced – sensible
Keirsey Temperament Sorter Four temperaments
David Keirsey expanded on the ancient study of temperament by Hippocrates and Plato: Artisan
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(iconic), Guardian, Idealist, and Rational. Keirsey divided the four temperaments into two categories, each with two types. The resulting 16 types correlate with the 16 personality types described by Briggs and Myers.
Artisans are observant and pragmatic. Seeking stimulation and virtuosity. Their greatest strength is tactics. They excel at troubleshooting, agility, and the manipulation of tools, instruments, and equipment. The two roles are as follows:
Operators are the directive Artisans. Their most developed intelligence operation is expediting. The attentive Crafters and the expressive Promoters are the two role variants.
Entertainers are the informative Artisans. Their most developed intelligence operation is improvising. The attentive Composers and the expressive Performers are the two role variants.
Guardians are observant and cooperative. Seeking security and belonging, they are concerned with responsibility and duty. Their greatest strength is logistics. They excel at organizing, facilitating, checking, and supporting. There are two roles as follows:
Administrators are the directive Guardians. Their most developed intelligence operation is regulating. The attentive Inspectors and the expressive Supervisors are the two role variants.
Conservators are the informative Guardians. Their most developed intelligence operation is supporting. The attentive Protectors and the expressive Providers are the two role variants.
Idealists are introspective and cooperative. Seeking meaning and significance, they are concerned with personal growth and finding their own unique identity. Their greatest strength is diplomacy. They excel at clarifying, individualizing, unifying, and inspiring. Two roles are as follows:
Mentors are the directive Idealists. Their most developed intelligence operation is developing. The attentive Counsellors and the expressive Teachers are the two role variants.
Advocates are the informative Idealists. Their most developed intelligence operation is mediating. The attentive Healers and the expressive Champions are the two role variants.
Rationales are introspective and pragmatic. Seeking mastery and self-control, they are concerned with their own knowledge and competence. Their greatest strength is strategy. They excel in any kind of logical investigation such as engineering, conceptualizing, theorizing, and coordinating. Two roles are as follows:
Coordinators are the directive Rationales. Their most developed intelligence operation is arranging. The attentive Masterminds and the expressive Field marshals are the two role variants.
Engineers are the informative Rationales. Their most developed intelligence operation is constructing. The attentive Architects and the expressive Inventors are the two role variants.
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Understanding the sorter descriptions
Although the descriptions of the individual temperaments and role variants were written as a whole, temperament itself can be understood by comparing it to the rings of a tree.
According to Keirsey, everyone can engage in both observation and introspection. When people touch objects, watch a basketball game, taste food, or otherwise perceive the world through their five senses, they are observant. When people reflect and focus on their internal world, they are introspective. However, individuals cannot engage in observation and introspection at the same time. The extent to which people are more observant or introspective directly affects their behaviour.
People who are generally observant are more 'down to earth.' They are more concrete in their worldview and tend to focus on practical matters such as food, shelter, and their immediate relationships. People who are generally introspective are more 'head in the clouds.' They are more abstract in their world view and tend to focus on global or theoretical issues such as equality or engineering.
Keirsey uses the words cooperative and pragmatic when comparing the differing temperaments. People who are cooperative pay more attention to other people's opinions and are more concerned with doing the right thing. People who are pragmatic pay more attention to their own thoughts or feelings and are more concerned with doing what works. There is no comparable idea of Myers or Jung that corresponds to this dichotomy, so this is a significant difference between Keirsey's work and that of Myers and Jung. This ring, in combination with the inner ring, determines a person's temperament. The pragmatic temperaments are Rationales (pragmatic and abstract) and Artisans (pragmatic and concrete). The cooperative temperaments are Idealists (cooperative and abstract), and Guardians (cooperative and concrete). Neither Myers nor Jung included the concept of temperament in their work.
The third ring distinguishes between people who generally communicate by informing others versus people who generally communicate by directing others. Each of the four temperaments is subdivided by this distinction for a result of eight roles. The directive roles are Operators (directive Artisans), Administrators (directive Guardians), Mentors (directive Idealists), and Coordinators (directive Rationales). The informative roles are Entertainers (informative Artisans), Conservators (informative Guardians), Advocates (informative Idealists), and Engineers (informative Rationales).
The fourth ring describes how people interact with their environment. Individuals who tend to act before observing are described as expressive, whereas people who tend to observe before acting are described as attentive. Each of the eight categories can be subdivided by this distinction, for a total of 16 role variants.
These 16 role variants correlate to the 16 Myers-Briggs types.
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The expressive role variants are Promoters (expressive Operators), Performers
(expressive Entertainers), Supervisors (expressive Administrators), Providers (expressive
Conservators), Teachers (expressive Mentors), Champions (expressive Advocates), Field
marshals (expressive Coordinators), and Inventors (expressive Engineers).
The attentive role variants are Crafters (attentive Operators), Composers (attentive
Entertainers), Inspectors (attentive Administrators), Protectors (attentive Conservators),
Counsellors (attentive Mentors), Healers (attentive Advocates), Masterminds (attentive
Coordinators), and Architects (attentive Engineers).
DICTIONARY
administrator - person with ability to organize
advocate - person who speaks in favour of a person or thing
artisan - skilled workman in industry or trade, mechanic
composer - person who composes music
conservator - person who loves dramatic art
coordinator - person who coordinates
counsellor - adviser
crafter – those engaged in such an occupation, organized in a guild or union
entertainer – person who entertains
field marshal – army officer of highest rank
guardian - person who guards
healer - person or thing that heals
idealist - person who pursues ideals
inspector – official who inspects
inventor - person who invents things
mastermind - person with superior intelligence
mentor – wise and trusted adviser and helper
operator - person who operates or works something
performer - person who performs
promoter – person who supports with money
protector - person who protects
provider - person who provides
rationale – fundamental reason
supervisor - person who supervises
TOPIC “ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION”
Environment and its Changing.
The life of every living organism, from the simplest bacterium to the largest animal, is known to depend on the structure and physiology of living organism and also on the kind of the environment it lives in.
Physical and biological factors act to make a wide variety of environments in different parts of the world. Conditions are rather constant in some tropical lands and seas, but over much of the Earth the temperature and moisture relations sunlight change markedly with the season.
The life of each plant or animal species is closely connected with the life of plants or animals of other species. No animal lives entirely to itself. On the contrary, each is part of an integrated living community that includes representatives of its kind, many different types of animals and plants of few or many kinds.
Animals and plants are affected by various physical and chemical factors, the most important being sunlight, temperature, water, physical substrate, gases and some others. All the factors mentioned are interrelated and none acts independently.
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Sunlight provides energy used by plants in photosynthesis, but it also warm animal environment and animals themselves. Sunlight raises the temperature of water leading to evaporation which in turn results in precipitation of rain and snow.
Water is the solvent for soil nutrients used by plants as food. It is necessity for maintaining animal life and is the medium in which many animals live.
It is interesting to note that attempts to change the weather processes over wide areas have not had much success. However, it is possible to make some changes in the microclimate, that is, in the environment near the organism. Most of the methods used are aimed at changing either the water balance or the heat balance of an area. As these two things are interrelated, a change in one results in a change in the other. For example, the use of greenhouses or different materials to cover the soil changes the heat balance of an area and leads to different requirements for water.
In addition to changing the local climate, one can discover and develop those useful plants and animals that grow best in the given environment, and restrict or destroy those that are harmful. Considerable progress has been made in breeding suitable plants and animals and in this way it is possible to extend the production into areas they have not grown before.
DICTIONARY
destroy – break to pieces
evaporation – disappear, die
heat - hotness
interrelated – come together in mutual relationship
kind – nature, character, class, variety
moisture – liquid in the form of vapour
nutrient - serving as or providing nourishment
precipitation – fall of rain, sleet, snow or hail
sunlight – light of the sun
Exercises
I. Find the pair of words – combinations:
1. Physical and biological factors act to make a wide variety of environments …
2. The Earth the temperature and moisture relations …
3. Animals and plants are affected…
4. Sunlight provides energy used …
5. Water is the solvent for soil nutrients used...
6. . . . Considerable progress has been made….
a) by various physical and chemical factors.
b) by plants in photosynthesis.
c) by plants as food
d) in different parts of the world.
e) in breeding suitable plants and animals
f) sunlight change markedly with the season.
II. Put the missing words into the sentences:
1. The life of every living organism, from the simplest bacterium to the largest animal, is known to depend on the structure and physiology of …
2. Sunlight provides energy used by plants in photosynthesis, but it also warm animal … and animals themselves.
3. The life of each plant or animal species is closely connected with …of other species.
4. Sunlight raises the temperature of water leading …which in turn results in precipitation of rain and snow.
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Plants, Climate and Weather.
Weather is the effect of four forces. They are temperature or heat, moisture or water in the air, wind or air movement and pressure of air. These four factors act together and make weather, although all weather is the result of the action of the Sun, because heat comes from the Sun.
Climate is unchanging weather. Year after year the climate in this or that area is more or less the same. For example, the climate of much of northern and central Africa is hot and dry. Much of Southeast Asia is hot and wet. Northern Europe has clear seasons with long winters. The North and South Poles have cold climates. We think of the climate of these regions as never changing. But there is proof that the climate changes in the long run.
Annual tree rings prove it. Every year a tree grows at least a little. If the is much rain and a long summer, the tree produces a new light line. In cold and dry years, the tree does not grow much and its ring is a thin dark line. There are some very old trees that show that there have been some climatic changes.
The pine trees that grow in the White Mountains of California are some of the oldest living things on Earth. The scientists who study the age of trees from their annual rings have found one 4800 years old tree. This tree is still living and is quite good. Comparing the rings of an older dead tree, the scientists have found out what the climate has been for the last 9000 years.
Furthermore, there are places where dead trees have become stones. The rings of these trees can be studied too. So, scientists know now that the climate really changes but it takes a very long time.
Why is the possible change in climate important to us? What does it mean to us? Scientists tell us we should plan our life for it:
Farmers must develop seeds that can grow in wetter or colder climates; we should plan to build farms in various areas too; we must also be able to move both to other places of the planet and to other planets; we must be able to change ourselves.
DICTIONARY
movement – activity (contrasted with quiet and rest)
pressure – force or influence
proof – testing of whether something is true, is fact
ring - circle
Exercises
Answer the questions
How many factors make weather?
What is the weather?
Is climate unchanging weather?
What kind of climate is in Africa, Asia, the North and South Poles?
What produces tree?
What do scientists study?
For what should we plan our life?
True or false.
Weather is the effect of five forces.
The four factors act together and make weather.
Weather is the result of the action of the Moon.
Climate is changing weather.
Every year a tree grows at least a little.
In cold and dry years tree ring is a think light line.
The climate changes a very long time.
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Energy
1. Energy is the capacity to do work. Energy comes in many forms. Heat, light, electricity, magnetism, motion are various forms of energy.
2. The most common form of energy is the Sun’s heat and light. We know the Sun’s heat and light is a form of energy because it can do work. It can heat the ocean and evaporate it and lift astronomical quantities of water vapour high into the air.
3. Water vapour falls as rain to the Earth. Rain that falls on high ground flows back to the sea in the form of rives. We know the moving water contains energy. Long ago, people began to use the energy of flowing water that comes from the energy of the sunlight.
4. The sunlight also heats the air. The air nearer the equator gets more heat than the air nearer the poles. The warm bodies of air rise and the cold bodies of air fall, which causes winds all over the world. The winds contain energy. Long ago people started to use the energy of the wind that comes from the energy of the Sun.
5. There are some forms of energy that do not come from the Sun. There is heat inside the Earth. In some places, the hot regions appear quite near the surface of the earth in the form of volcanoes, geysers and hot springs.
6. The most important forms of energy for man, however, are various kinds of chemical energy. Green plants grow in sunlight (provided they also have water and certain chemicals from the air and the soil). The green plants make use of the energy of sunlight and store it in their leaves in the form of certain substances. When these substances are slowly combined with oxygen from the air, a chemical reaction takes that releases energy. It is on this «chemical energy" that the plant lives and grows.
7. Plants are capable to store more energy than they are using. Animals can eat the plants and change the plant chemicals into their own, which they then store in their own body. The energy of animals’ muscles comes from the energy of sunlight. In the process about 80 to 90 per cent of the energy stored in the plants is lost, 10 to 20 per cent being stored in the animal. It takes about seven kilogrammes of plant life to support one kilogramme of animal life.
8. There is always a balance or equilibrium" "equilibrium" between plant and animal life in nature. If animals eat more plants than can be replaced by plant growth, the amount of food for animals grows less. Some animals die and the plants grow better than usual, there being fewer animals to eat them.
9. The total amount of energy is constant. When energy is spent there is as much energy as before, though its form can be changed. All the transformations that are always taking place are only changes of energy from one form into another without affecting the whole. This is the Law of Conservation of Energy discovered by M. V. Lomonosov, one of the greatest Russian Scientists.
DICTIONARY
equilibrium - state of being balanced
flowing - rise
vapour – steam, mist
Exercises
Open the brackets.
1.Energy (to come) in many forms.
2. Water vapour (to fall) as rain to the Earth.
3. We know the moving water (to contain) energy.
4. The sunlight (to heat) the air.
5. The winds (to contain) energy.
6. Green plants (grow) in sunlight.
7. If animals (to eat) more plants than can (to be to replace) by plant growth.
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OUR THREATENED PLANET.CAN IT BE SAVED?
1. Air pollution
About 150 years ago the air was pure and clean. Then people started building factories and many of the things they make, like cars, put a lot of harmful gases into the air. Today the air is so polluted in some places that it’s not always safe to breathe. Many cities around the world have air filled with a pollution called “smog”. This is so strong in some places that the air, which should be a beautiful blue, looks brown. Polluted air is not only bad for people and animals, but for trees and plants, as well. And in some places it’s even damaging farmers’ crops – the food we eat. So it’s very important for us to “clean up our act”, and clean up the air we all breathe.
2. Water pollution
The planet Earth is mostly water. Oceans cover the biggest part of it – and there are lakes, rivers, streams, and even water underground. All life on the Earth – from the littlest bug to the biggest whale – depends on this water. It’s precious. But we are not doing a very good job of keeping water clean. In many places, the water has become polluted. Rivers and lakes are polluted by garbage, or by poisonous chemicals which are dumped right into them. Underground water can be polluted by gasoline or the harmful liquids that seep into the ground. Some fertilizers and pesticides used on farms or lawns leak down through the dirt, too. The ocean, which is a home to so many life forms, has been used as a place to dump garbage and poisonous chemicals for a long time. It’s getting polluted, too. We need to save our water, to keep it clean and healthy so people, plants and animals will always have something to drink. And fish and other creatures will have a place to live.
3. Land pollution
When you throw something away, it goes in a garbage can. Once a week the garbage truck comes and the can is emptied, and that’s the last you see of it. But what do you think happens to the garbage then? Does it just disappear? No away!
Almost all garbage is taken a garbage dump, or landfill, where the garbage truck
empties it onto the ground. After the truck leaves, a big tractor comes along and
pushes dirt on top the garbage. So, most of our garbage is just burled.
Now we are making so much garbage that in many places, there is not enough room to bury it
all. We have to act fast and cut down the amount of garbage we make. Can we do it? You bet!
If we can recycle and recycle we will produce a lot less garbage, and help keep our planet green!
4. Acid Rains
When we look up, we see the clouds and the blue sky. But there are other things in
the sky that we don’t see. Some of these are harmful to the Earth.
When power plants burn coil to make electricity, and when cars burn gasoline,
invisible gases are released into the air.
Some of these gases can mix with water and make it acidic, like lemon juice or
vinegar. Sometimes the gases get into rain clouds, where they get mixed in with
rain or snow. Then the acid falls back to the Earth with the rain or snow. This is
called acid rain.
Acid rain is extremely harmful to plants, rivers and lakes, and the creature that live
in them. In some places it is killing forests. And it pollutes the water that animals
and people need to drink. It’s very important for us to stop making acid rains. One
good way to do that is to drive our cars less. Another good way is to save energy.
The less energy we use, the less coal those power plants will have to burn.
5. Disappearing animals
Every day there are more and more people living on the Earth. All these people
need room to live. So they move into places that are already homes for plants and
animals. Forests are cut down, and wild areas are filled with houses and stores.
When people move into a new land, the plants and animals that live there can
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become endangered – which means that because there’s no place for them to live,
they begin to disappear. Some even become extinct – which means that they all die
out, and are gone from the Earth forever. We enjoy pictures and stories about the
dinosaurs who lived on the earth many millions of years ago. They’re all extinct
now. That could happen to elephant, zebras, butterflies, robins, or goldfish… or
other animals, if we’re not careful.
6. The Greenhouse Effect
A greenhouse is a building made of glass, where you can grow flowers and other
plants that need a lot of warmth. The sun shines in through the glass and warms the
greenhouse, and the roof and walls keep the heat from getting out.
The Earth is surrounded by a blanket of invisible gases that act just like a
greenhouse. The sun shines in and the blanket of gases traps the heat like a roof,
keeping it close to the planet. That’s good – we can’t live without warmth.
factories, electric power plants and cars are making a lot of new gases. These new
gases are trapping more and more of the sun’s heat. This is called the greenhouse
effect, or global warming.
If the earth’s temperature gets hotter by just a few degrees, it could change the
weather all over the planet in big ways. Places that are warm would become too
hot to live in, and places that grow most of our food could get too hot to grow
crops anymore.
7. The Ozone Hole
Up in the sky, above the air we breathe, there’s a layer of gas called ozone. It helps us by blocking out rays from the sun that can harm our skin, and by letting the rays that are good for us come through. We are lucky to have the ozone to protect us.
Now the ozone layer is being damaged by gases that people have made. The gases are called CFCs and halons. They are used in refrigerators, air conditioners, plastic foam, and some other things.
The CFCs float up to the top of the atmosphere, were the layer of ozone is, and “eat up” the ozone. Scientists are very concerned about the ozone layer, because a lot of it has gone away in just a few years. So it’s very important that we learn to do something about it.
8. E – numbers
E- numbers is a general name for a group of chemical which are added to food sometimes. Usually these kinds of food are made abroad, not in Ukraine. They are much cheaper.
The chemicals of E – number group give the food better color, long time of preservation and better look. They may be dangerous for our health because diseases start if there is a certain quantity of E – numbers in your body. How can you learn if there are E – numbers in the nice western product which you want to buy? Look at the bar code. If you see numbers with E before figures, it means that dangerous chemicals were used to produce the food. Do you need E – numbers in your body? Then buy the foreign products with them.
ECO - BABBLE
Acid rain – when harmful gases from cars and power plants are released into the air and fall back to the Earth with rain or snow.
CFCs – short for chloro-fluro-carbons (gases used in refrigerators).
Carbon dioxide – a gas produced when animals breathe out or any material containing carbon is burned.
Gethermal – using the energy from natural steam to produce electricity.
Global warming – an increase in the Earth’s temperature, caused by a build – up of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Landfill – a place where garbage is buried underground.
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Organic – made up of plant or animal materials. Oxygen.
Poachers – people who catch fish or kill game illegally.
Recycle – to use over and over again.
Solar energy – energy that comes from the sun.
Smog – brown air pollution that comes from cars and factories; it makes the air unsafe for people, animals and plants to breathe.
Toxic – another word for poison.
Greenhouse effect – when gases from factories, electric power plants and cars trap the sun’s heat and warm up the Earth.
Rainforests – tropical evergreen woodlands that receive at least 100 inches of rain a year.
Fertilizer – anything from compost to cow manure that helps plants grow.
Ozone layer – a layer of gas high in the sky which protects us from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun that cause skin cancer and crop damage.
Atmosphere – the layer of gases surrounding the Earth.
Ecology – the study of organisms and their environment.
Ecosystem – a community of plants and animals living together.
Wastewater – water carrying dissolved or floating solids from homes, farms, business or industries.
DICTIONARY
acid - sour, sharp to the taste
blanket – thick, woolen covering as used on beds
bug – small, flat, blood-sucking insect that infests dirty houses and beds.
crop – agricultural plants in the fields
dump – poorly cared for, dirty or ugly place
endanger – put in danger
fertilizer – chemical plant food
poisonous – causing death or injury, hurting the feelings
whale – kinds of very large sea-animal some of which are hunted for their oil and flesh
Exercises
Speak about problems of our threatened planet?
Work in the pair. Make the dialogues.
It's always good to be aware of certain environmental concerns. We all live on this planet and have to take care of it. Here's an exercise to help you practice talking/writing about the environment and some of the problems that many of us face every day.
1. One of the basic human requirements is clean ________ water.
a) drinking
b) to drink
2. The gradual increase in the Earth's temperature (warmer weather) and the temperature of the oceans is known as "global ________."
a) warmth
b) warming
3. Global warming is seen by many as a ________ to humanity.
a) threat
b) treat
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4. What are the giant masses of ice located near the North Pole and in Antarctica called?
a) ice picks
b) icebergs
5. Many people are concerned about how many forests are destroyed or ________ every year.
a) cut down
b) cut-off
6. Forests, farmland, and oceans are known as "natural ________".
a) research
b) resources
7. Human beings create a lot of ________. ( = waste) This ________ is often stored in places called "landfills".
a) recycling
b) garbage
8. One way to reduce the amount of garbage is by ________. This way, a plastic bottle can be melted to create other plastic bottles, a glass bottle can be used to make other glass bottles, etc.
a) resizing
b) recycling
9. When you recycle, you have to ___ paper, plastic, and other types of garbage.
a) separate
b) sever
10. To use something again = To ________ something
a) refuse
b) reuse
TOPIC”SPORT”
Heat stress and sport - reducing the risks Summary
Heat and sport or physical activity (exercise) can be a dangerous combination. Heat stress occurs when sweat can't evaporate fast enough to keep the body sufficiently cool. Symptoms include muscle cramps and headache. You can prevent heat stress during sport by drinking plenty of fluids, taking frequent rest breaks and avoiding exercise during the hottest part of the day. 
The human body generates about 100 watts from internal metabolic processes, but this can escalate to 1,000 watts during heavy exercise. A watt is the unit of power or energy expenditure per second. Keeping a constant temperature of around 37°C is vital. To lose heat and maintain core temperature, blood vessels in the skin expand and bring body heat to the skin surface. Perspiration floods out of sweat glands and evaporates from the skin to cool the body.
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Heat stress occurs when sweat can’t evaporate fast enough to keep the body sufficiently cool. Many of the symptoms occur as a result of excessive loss of body salts and water.
At rest and in comfortable temperatures, a person sweats about two liters of fluid every 24 hours. During hot weather (35°C), this fluid loss can leap to around 10 liters over the same time period. Exercising in hot weather accelerates fluid loss even more.
Symptoms
The symptoms of heat stress include:
If the symptoms are ignored and left untreated, it can lead to a life-threatening complication known as heat stroke. Children and the elderly are particularly vulnerable to dehydration and heat stress.
Safety suggestions
Suggestions to prevent heat stress during exercise include:
Fitness - a physically fit body is better able to manage the stresses of sport.
Acclimatisation - keep up an exercise program during the cooler months, so that your body is prepared for sport during summer.
Avoid the hottest part of the day - start sporting activities before 9am or after 6pm during summer, and try to avoid sport or exercise between 11am and 3pm.
Clothing - wear loose, light-coloured and comfortable clothes made from natural fibres. Wear a visor or hat.
Fluids - drink at least half a litre of fluids in the two hours before exercising. During your sport, aim to drink about 200ml every 20 minutes or so. Choose a specially formulated sports drink if your sporting event goes for more than an hour. After the game, drink around half a litre of water.
Alcohol - alcohol dehydrates the body, so avoid drinking any alcohol for at least one day before playing sport.
Rest breaks - frequent breaks in the shade allow the body to cool down.
Check for symptoms - be alert for the symptoms of heat stress or dehydration.
Calculating your fluid requirement.
To work out how much water on average you need to drink, weigh yourself before and after your game. A loss of one kilogram equals a loss of one litre of fluids. If you find you have lost weight after your game, try to increase your fluid intake next time.
Managing heat stress
Suggestions to treat heat stress include:
Rest in a cool, shaded place.
Remove excess clothing.
Drink plenty of liquids, either cool water or diluted sports drink.
Sponge the body with tepid water and fan to promote evaporation.
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Don’t douse the body with cold water or ice, as this will encourage the blood vessels in the skin to constrict and retain body heat.
Seek medical assistance.
If the person is confused, unconscious or has trouble breathing, call an ambulance immediately.
Things to remember :
Heat stress occurs when sweat can’t evaporate fast enough to keep the body sufficiently cool.
Symptoms include muscle cramps, deterioration in sporting performance, headache and dizziness.
Suggestions to prevent dehydration and heat stress during sporting activities include drinking plenty of fluids before, during and after the game, avoiding the hottest parts of the day, and taking frequent rest breaks.
DICTIONARY
deterioration – make or become of less value
dilute – make (a liquid or colour) weaker or thinner
dizziness – causing such a feeling
evaporate – change into vapour, disappear
fluid – able to flow (as gases and liquids do)
muscle cramp – elastic substance in an animal body that can be tightened or loosened to produce movement
nausea – feeling of sickness or disgust
perspiration - sweat
shade – darker part of a picture
tepid - lukewarm
vomit – bring back from the stomach through the mouth.
Exercises
1. Write in play, go, or do.
_____ tennis ______ athletics ______football
_____ exercises ______ volleyball ______fishing
_____ jogging ______ aerobics ______skiing
2. Arrange these words to make sentences.
go never I almost fishing.
always they tennis the at play weekends.
go do often jogging how you ?
every do we day exercises morning.
do on you what usually Saturdays do?
3. Complete this conversation.
Write the prepositions in the correct places.
– What time do you go in for sport? (around/in/on)
– I always go seven o’clock. (at/for/on)
How about you?
– I usually go noon. (around/in/with). I play games about an hour. (at/for/until)
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– And do you also play sports your free time? (at/in/until)
– Not very often. I usually go out my classmates in my free time. (around/for/with)
What about you?
– I go to the gym Mondays and Wednesdays. (at/on/until)
And sometimes I go bicycling weekends. (for/in/at)
– Wow! You really like to keep fit.
Questions about Fitness Article
Quick Exercises for the Heart
The heart is considered one of the most important organs in the body. Without the heart, you have no life. For people who have very little time in their lives to pursue a physical fitness program, there are many options they have to get the necessary exercise to keep their heart strong and healthy. In this article, you will find many quick exercise suggestions for a strong and healthy heart. Remember, before starting any new exercise regime, you should contact your doctor and express your goals. They will be able to work with you closely to ensure that you are performing healthy exercises that will benefit you.
One of the first quick exercises that you can perform in order to strengthen and maintain your heart is to take a walk. The walk should not be one done at leisure. You should ensure that the walk is fast paced. If you are just starting out, it is important that you start out slowly and work yourself up to a more brisk walk. Walking at a fast pace will ensure that you get your blood pumping and that the heart is receiving a good workout.
The next thing that you can do to increase the strength of your heart is to perform step aerobics. A safe alternative to this type of exercise is walking up and down stairs, or steps. It is important that you do this exercise safely. The results of this exercise will not only strengthen your heart, but it will also tone muscles and make you feel great!
Swimming is a wonderful exercise for the heart. You can swim in a pool, a lake, a pond, a river, or an ocean. The workout from a good swim is extremely beneficial and you are sure to feel the benefits of swimming almost instantly. It is important to maintain safe practices when swimming. Do not swim immediately after you have consumed a meal. Do not perform swimming exercises unless you are completely comfortable in the water. Do not swim where there are no lifeguards if you are alone. If possible, do not swim alone at all. Accidents can happen even with the best swimmer. Be sure to take the proper precautions in order to ensure your safety.
Dancing is an exercise that many people perform that is wonderful for the heart and many other things in the body. Dancing can help you tone your muscles, burn fat, increase metabolism and feel great. Many people enjoy this particular exercise because it is entertaining. There are many exercises that a person can perform that are quick and easy to improve the health of their heart. Before starting any exercise program, it is important to let a medical professional know the goals that you wish to accomplish so that they may work closely with you to ensure that these goals are met.
DICTIONARY
blood pumping – red liquid flowing throughout the body
fast pace – not easily moved single step in walking or running
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heart – that part of body which pumps blood
increase metabolism - make greater process by which living matter is broken down into simple substances.
physical fitness – of thing that are known through the senses
tone muscles – normal condition of elastic substance in a body that can be loosened to produce movement.
Exercises
Match the sports and the places and use them in the sentences.
Swimming Court
Ice hockey Stadium
Athletics Pool
Roller skating Gym
Tennis Skating-rink
Water skiing Street
Football River/Sea
Basketball Pitch
Gymnastics Field
Golf
Make up the dialogue.
TOPIC “FOOD and HEALTH”
No food after six p m
It is the motto of those people who ate crazy about getting slender and slimmer. They do a lot of things in order to lost weight and they deprive themselves of food and so on and so forth. They are possessed with this idea and they believe in every single piece of advice they hear and they never think over this advice. Though, were they more attentive and were they training their brains better than they train their bodies they would ask a doctor about this rule. And that is what doctors say. They say it doesn’t matter what tine it is in case you want eat. See, there is the quantity of calories people need during a day and those ate important for people and for their bodies. In case a person failed to eat the necessary quantity during a day there is nothing wrong in eating after six p m. This eating will be just common supply with calories your body really need. Time is not a big deal in case your body is in lack of calories. So, people can eat whenever they want to, they just have to care about they never fall asleep with full stomach.
Eat for living
It is food we need in order to provide our body with the whole necessary stuff and there is no way for us to survive without food. Sure, people say that mental is of greater importance but so it happened that there is no mental without our physical body. And the physical body needs the real food. That is why we need food – it provides our body with stuff it needs and there is no another value in food. There are people who are crazy about food and they spend a fortune for eating and as a result they ruin both – mental and physical. It is wrong to recognize eating as the religion for life but it is not a rare case for people. And people should also care much about things they eat
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because the food makes us. We are what we eat and in case you let the poison in your body with
food it will never bring you good and you will get more harm and less of eating. Food makes our body and so we need to care about this material we build our bodies of. It is the material we are and that is why it is important to know about the culture of eating.
Others may not even realize
What does the soul need to be nourished? Religion, nature or music can be food for the soul. In time where people are busy and overloaded with their work, bills and other responsibilities, the soul sometimes are forgotten. Others may not even realize that nourishing their soul is an important part of being healthy. What is considered food? It can be whatever lights up the mind and the heart. For some people, food for the soul implies something gooey and yummy while others see it as nutritional nourishment. Religion has been a comfort for many people for a long time. It is an absolution that people can rely on and believe in. Religion can fill up a person’s heart and soul. It could mean going to Sunday service or just taking a couple of minutes to pray and be one with their God is often great food for the soul. Getting out and enjoying nature is a wonderful way to replenish your soul. Taking a walk on the beach or in the woods, hugging a tree or watching birds or even just sitting out in your backyard could be a perfect way to reenergize your batteries. It is easy to get caught up and stay in the office all day; just a trip outside to appreciate some fresh air and sunshine could add a lift to your day. Whatever the activity or outlet you may think of, find something that you find uplifting and nourishing to your spirit.
The number of food intakes
Very often, the various recommendations of the weight loss occur this: “Eat small portions, but often.” Only one phrase among invisible flow councils, many of whom we remember them. Here we ignore it by ear, arguing as follows: “a small portion is not enough to be satisfied! Already better to eat 1-2 times a day, but more thoroughly. Daily total calories remain the same”
So, here is the mystery, which dieticians not find let us know: a break between meals should not exceed 5 hours! Until then, our stomachs should wake up and get food. And not even the essence of important fatty foods or dietary, just our bodies should know that the food is, it comes regularly, so accumulate fat “store” is not necessary.
And how do we, having received such a valuable indication of our dear nutritionists? We try to have as sparingly as possible; happy, if due to a lack of appetite or urgent cases skip lunch, or find the strength to give up the dinner because someone voiced the thesis: “after 18 hours is impossible and even dinner should give the enemy».
As in, such a situation comes our body? After 5 hours of “idle” stomach begins to beat all the bells and, in the thwarted feelings cable body: “Hunger is! Of course, in people with normal metabolism of such problems do not occur, but for people inclined to fat, the circumstances must be treated with due respect to the vagaries of the organism.
DICTIONARY
appetite – physical desire for food
brain – the mass of soft grey matter in the head
dietician – person who tell about sort of food which a man is limited
hunger – need, desire for food
mind – what a person thinks or feels
soul – non – material part of a human
stomach – part of the alimentary canal into which food passes to be digested
stuff – substance of which something is made or which may be used for some purpose
supply – give or provide
weight – force with which a body tends towards the centre of the earth.
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Exercises
- Answer the questions
- Why don’t people eat after six p.m.?
- For what need person eat?
- What is food considered?
- What recommendations are given to people?
TEST
What's your outlook on life?
Adolescence is often compared to springtime, when life explodes into blossom.
But when you're living through your teenage years, as you are, how do you look at life?
1. In the morning when you wake up clouds. You think:
a) bad weather makes me feel sad;
b) just like they said in the weather forecast;
c) when the clouds clear it'll be lovely;
d) every cloud has a silver lining.
2. What effect does the sun have on you?
a) it makes you feel more active;
b) it means good things are going to happen;
c) you feel full of joy;
d) it makes you feel fine.
3. What effect does the rain have on you?
a) it helps you think;
b) it means you can show off your umbrella;
c) you feel sad;
d)you think a certain amount of rain is always necessary.
4. At school you're faced with a problem. You immediately think
a) that there must be a solution, but you predict the worst;
b) that it'll be difficult, but in the end it'll work out OK;
c) that the outcome will be a positive one;
d) that just facing up to a problem is already half the battle.
5. Your future is still a mystery
a) and so you always try to avoid the subject;
b) which in general you look at through rose-coloured glasses;
c) and you're scared;
d) which you imagine will be fantastic and colourful.
6. People around you are always asking you to do things for them
a) but you only do what you can;
b) because they know they'll always get a positive response;
c) but you never feel you can do much to help them;
d) and you always lend a hand.
7. People could say
a) that you can always see the positive side of things;
b) that you're hardly ever angry;
c) that you're a loner, and a bit cold;
d) that you know what you want and show it.
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8. You know that your friends are organising a get-together
a) and you want to be there, so you go along;
b) and that they can't do without you;
c) and you're sure they'll invite you;
d) and you know they won't tell you anything.
9. For some unexpected reason, you have to stay in bed for a month
a) you're sure people won't forget about you;
b) it'll be terrible - one month alone!
c) you can count on your friends' company;
d) when you feel lonely, you can invite someone round.
10. You have a ticket for a show
a) you are sure you’ll have a great time;
b) you don’t think you’ll have a very good seat;
c) you think you should change it;
d) you hope you’ll have a good view.
Mark the letters which correspond to your answers in the table below. Your profile corresponds to the line where you have ticked off at least 7 letters. If you don’t have 7 on any of the lines, read the profiles for the 2 lines you answered most on and see if you recognise yourself.
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | You look on the line |
| A | D | C | A | A | C | C | D | B | B | With difficulty |
| B | A | D | B | C | A | D | A | D | C | With realism |
| C | B | A | C | B | D | B | C | A | D | With trust |
| D | C | B | D | D | B | A | B | C | A | With joy |
| With Difficulty You're a bit too pessimistic and anxious to look at life serenely. You probably haven't accepted fully the sort of person you really are. Try to love the things you already like about yourself a bit more, and accept those things you like less. Then, other people will see you differently, and you’ll be happier and more accepted by them. | With Realism You want to live in a state of well-being and tend to avoid situations which might disturb you. You accept reality and adapt yourself easily to things that can't be changed. You don't give in to events but try to do your best to feel as good as possible. The most important thing for you is to live the present moment to the full. | With Trust You have an optimistic vision of yourself and the world around you. You believe that a solution can be found to every problem. You think it's useless to worry and that it takes up too much energy. You can keep your state of mind balanced and your company is enjoyable, probably because you’re always straight-forward and not too fussy. | With Joy You have a cheerful personality and are very well-balanced, even if other people think you're a little superficial. Don't over-estimate the riches of feelings and ideas in you, but remember that they're also present in the people around you. Other people enjoy your company because you entertain them; but it would be a good idea to learn how to encourage them, too. |
24 British Food is Bad – Myth or Reality?
That British food is bad has long been the butt of jokes for its supposed poor food, lack of imagination, stodgy puddings and weak tea. Not anymore. By exploding some of the myths surrounding it you’ll discover – British food rules! With a history of wartime rationing, industrialization and now, the dominating giant supermarkets it is no surprise where the false impression of British food comes from. Like anywhere else in the world, there is good and bad. French ex-President Jacques Chirac’s comment “One cannot trust people whose cuisine is so bad” may have been his personal view on British food; in response, I have even found bad food in France (sacre bleu). The delusion that our food is bad comes from misconceiving what passes off for British food, not what British food is. British food is flooded with other goods; meats, cheeses, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, breads, fresh fish and seafood. The repertoire of British food includes glorious puddings, pies, pasties, breads, soups, stews and who was it that invented the sandwich and where else will you find a delicious Afternoon Tea?
British food is also diverse. It has encompassed and absorbed the food of many other cultures.
The British only eat carrots, peas, Brussels sprouts and cabbage. In British food it’s hard to find a decent restaurant and pubs have all but disappeared. It may have been true 30 years ago, British restaurants consisted of mainly steak houses with the ubiquitous steak, chips and onion rings but thankfully those days are long gone fro British food. And it’s not just in London.
The British eat dinner at lunch, have tea instead of dinner and eat supper at bedtime.
Exercises
Answer the questions.
What is the main English food?
What do they call “simple food”?
What is peculiar about puddings?
What is peculiar about breakfast?
Put one of the following words in each space in the sentences below.
to at down of for out in up
I asked ……… the menu.
I like to eat ……… .
He took ……… my order.
I prefer a simple café ……… a big restaurant.
I like to go ……… self-service places.
Let’s invite the Smiths ……… dinner.
I looked ……… the menu.
I’m very fond ……… Chinese food.
Could you help me set ……… the plates?
Put the used cutlery ……… the sink.
I’ll wash them ……… later.
Peas, courgettes, aubergines and cucumbers are all the same colour.
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Put each of the following words or phrases in its correct place in the passage.
| Recipe
menu
fast food | take-away
eat out
waiter | dish
snack
bill | tip
cookery books
ingredients |
I’m a terrible cook. I’ve tried hard but it’s no use. I’ve got lots of (a)…………………, I choose a (b)………………… I want to cook, I read the (c)…………………, I prepare all the necessary (d)………………… and follow the instructions. But the result is terrible, and I just have a sandwich or some other quick (e)…………………. So I often (f)………………….
I don’t like grand restaurants. It’s not the expense, it’s just that I don’t feel at ease in them. First the (g)………………… gives me a (h)………………… which I can’t understand because it’s complicated and has lots of foreign words. At the end of the meal when I pay the (i)………………… I never know how much to leave as a (j)…………………. I prefer (k)………………… places, like hamburger shops where you pay at once and sit down and eat straightaway. And I like (l)………………… where you buy a meal in a special container and take it home.
DICTIONARY
snack – light food
take-away – take out of a restaurant to eat at home
|
Too much bacon ‘bad for lungs’
|
| Eating large quantities of cured meats like bacon could damage lung function and increase the risk of lung disease. A Columbia University team found people who ate cured meats at least 14 times a month were more likely to have COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD, which includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema, kills around 30,000 people in the UK each year. The report, in the American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, said nitrites in meat may be to blame. However, the overall risk of developing COPD remains low. Dr Ruiz Jiang, leading the research, said high levels of nitrites are used in cured meats such as bacon as anti-bacterial agents and colour fixatives. He said reactive nitrogen species, molecules that can damage body tissues, might be the key. He said: “Nitrites generate reactive nitrogen species that may cause damage to the lungs, producing structural changes resembling emphysema.” COPD risk The researchers looked at 7,352 American individuals who participated in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, conducted between 1988 and 1994. 26 They compared the results of lung function tests and the risks of developing COPD in participants and found those who ate the meats more often had worse lung function and were more likely to have COPD. COPD is a term used for a number of conditions, and results from chronic bronchitis and emphysema, two inflammatory lung diseases. It leads to damaged airways in the lungs making breathing more difficult, and is a major cause of disability and death. Diet ‘not to blame’ The researchers also found individuals who consumed cured meats frequently were more likely to be male and of a lower socio-economic status, and to smoke, than those who never consumed cured meats. They also often had lower intakes of vitamin C, fish, fruits and vegetables, and higher energy intakes. Yet they concluded these factors were not to blame for the effects on lungs. Dr Jiang said: “Adjustment for these factors in our analyses did not appreciably change our findings.” He said the link between cured meats and lung function was therefore unlikely to be explained by these other dietary factors. He called for more studies of high dietary nitrite intake to assess whether it is a risk factor in the development of COPD. COPD kills around 30,000 people in the UK every year. DICTIONARY Bronchitis – inflammation of the bronchi COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease cure – substance or treatment which cures disability – disqualifies a person disease - illness lung – either of the two organs in the chest of man nitrites – chemical salt tissue – mass of cells and cell-products in an animal body
Exercises
Write irregular verbs make up your sentences.
Put the sentences into chronological order according to the text. 1. COPD is a term used for a number of conditions, and results from chronic Bronchitis and emphysema, two inflammatory lung diseases 2. COPD kills around 30,000 people in the UK every year. 3. COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 4. The overall risk of developing COPD remains low. 5. It leads to damaged airways in the lungs making breathing more difficult, and is a major cause of disability and death.
Speak about Dr. Ruiz Jiang’s research. 27
Way Too Fat
Can your Dentist help you lose weight?
The spin on this piece below is that the bacteria will not make your fat: that’s what calories do. But maybe these bacteria could make processing food more difficult; or allow people with the bacteria to get into the starvation reflex easier. Or, fat people are so busy eating that their mouths are fertile ground for this bacteria.
Summary of Study In order to measure the salivary bacterial populations of overweight women, samples were collected from 313 women with a body mass index between 27 and 32 (classifying them as overweight). Using DNA analysis, the researchers measured the bacterial populations of this group and compared it with historical data from 232 individuals that were not overweight. Significant differences in seven of the 40 species studied occurred in the salivary bacteria of subjects in the overweight group. In addition, more than 98 percent of the overweight women could be identified by the presence of a single bacterial species, called Selenomanas anoxia, at levels greater than 1.05 percent of the total salivary bacteria. These data are suggested that the composition of salivary bacteria changes in overweight women. It seems likely that these bacterial species could serve as indicators of a developing overweight condition and possibly be related to the underlying causation. Dr. Goodson noted that the reasons for a relationship between obesity and oral bacteria are likely complex. The observed relationship may be circumstantial as being related to diet or opportunistic due to metabolic changes. In the next phase of this research, Dr. Goodson plans to further examine this relationship by initially conducting a controlled cohort study to see if this initial observation can be reproduced. In addition, he hopes to conduct longitudinal studies in children to see if oral infection relates to weight gain. Ultimately, the development of strategies to eliminate specific oral bacteria would be required to provide definitive evidence that certain oral bacteria may be responsible for weight gain. DICTIONARY bacteria – smallest and simplest form of plant life obesity - being obese oral – of the mouth salivary – producing saliva
28 Exercises Put prepositions where necessary 1. Allow people ... the bacteria to get ... the starvation reflex easier. 2. Fat people are so busy eating that their mouths are fertile ground ... this bacteria. 3. Samples were collected … 313 women with a body mass index … 27 and 32. 4. The researchers measured the bacterial populations … this group and compared it … historical data … 232 individuals that were not overweight. 5. More than 98 percent … the overweight women could be identified … the presence … a single bacterial species. 6. Dr. Goodson plans to further examine this relationship … initially conducting a controlled cohort study to see. WHY IS DIETING SO POPULAR? The market is flooded with images of perfectly sculpted bodies, airbrushed figures, and flawless features. From magazine ads to cosmetics packaging, Americans are constantly told by the media that perfection is obtainable. In addition, increasing health threats aided by obesity puts more pressure on Americans to lose weight and avoid these health threats. A combination of these pressures forces people to spend hundreds of dollars on quick-fix diets to lose weight and improve their health as quickly as possible with minimal effort. DIET PILLS Every diet pill claims to be the best and claims that you can effortlessly shed the pounds once and for all. Every diet pill works differently, but there are four main types of diet pills on the market: those that suppress appetite with an amphetamine-like effect, a second type of appetite suppressant which triggers your brain to desire to eat less, a third which prevents the absorption of fats into your body, and fourth are pills which aid in digestion and food processing. Many diet pills can be extremely unsafe and hazardous to your health, and always require research before purchasing. So how do you know which diet pill to choose? Always look at a full list of ingredients and research any unfamiliar products in the pill. 29 Also, don’t be fooled by ‘all natural’ diet pills – just because the pill is made from all natural products does not necessarily mean it’s completely safe. Always consult a physician before purchasing a new diet pill, and always ask for him or her for recommendations. If the product sounds too good to be true, it most likely is. FAD DIETS Much like diet pills, fad diets are everywhere. From Atkins to the Grapefruit Diet, fad diets have covered an entire spectrum of weight management. Everyone wants a diet that is easy and doesn’t interfere with their daily lives, but also they want one that works. Too often do people start a fad diet and end up gaining back the weight that they lost, if not more, after stopping the diet plan. So how do you choose the right diet for you? Sometimes, simply watching your calorie intake and increasing your activity can prove effective. If that doesn’t work, look for diets that allow you to eat foods that are nutrient-rich and lean. Diets that make you starve yourself are never a good idea, and most of those diets are the ones that will cause you to gain excess weight back after you stop the diet. Jim Mackey is a renowned dietitian. He has been advising people on how to maintain a proper diet and how to lose those extra calories. DICTIONARY
absorption - absorbing calorie – unit of energy supplied by food digestion – person’s ability to digest food nutrient – serving as or providing nourishment pill – small tablet of medicine pressure – force on or against something starve – die from hunger
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Exercises
True or false
Americans are constantly told by the media that perfection is obtainable.
There are five main types of diet pills on the market.
Many diet pills can be extremely unsafe and hazardous to your health/
4. From Atkins to the Grapefruit Diet, fad diets haven’t covered an entire
spectrum of weight management.
5.Diets that make you starve yourself are never a good idea.
6. Jim Mackey hasn’t been advising people on how to maintain a proper diet and how to lose those extra calories.
Scientists discover healthier pizza
Food scientists and dieticians have found new ways to make pizza that is good for you. This is very welcome news for overweight pizza lovers and those who worry about their weight. Researchers in the USA looked at different ways of baking the pizza base. The team from Maryland University discovered that leaving pizza dough in the oven for a longer time made it healthier to eat. They said that doubling the amount of baking time increased the levels of antioxidants in the mix by up to 100 percent. Antioxidants help fight cancer and heart disease and are found in most healthy food. Furthermore, the team experimented with different cooking temperatures. Their results showed a higher heat also made the dough healthier to eat.
This new research may help pizza sales around the world. However, some diet experts warned that even though this research looks good, it is still better to eat fruit and vegetables. In addition, pizza that is baked longer may not be so healthy if people choose unhealthy toppings. Jacqui Lowdon, a British diet expert, warned that although the pizza base might be good for you, people might be “more likely to choose extra cheese”. She added: "This isn't teaching people about healthy eating." Nevertheless, the study’s author, Jeffrey Moore, said his findings were good for people who like deep-pan pizzas. Meanwhile, outside London’s Pizza Hut today, pizza fan Jo Lambert said: "This new pizza sounds healthy, although not if we have too much or have cola and fries with it.”
Before reading
1. TRUE / FALSE: Look at the article’s headline and guess whether these sentences are true (T) or false (F):
| a. | Scientists have discovered a pizza that helps you lose weight. | T / F |
| b. | The secret to the new pizza is in how to bake the base. | T / F |
| c. | Antioxidants in food help fight some life-threatening diseases. | T / F |
| d. | Cooking the pizza at a low temperature means it is healthier. | T / F |
| e. | Diet experts said the new pizza is healthier than eating fruit. | T / F |
| f. | Another expert said people should choose their toppings carefully. | T / F |
| g. | The expert said this research teaches us about healthy eating. | T / F |
| h. | This study is good news for deep-pan pizza lovers. | T / F |
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While eading
GAP FILL: Put the words into the gaps in the text.
| Food scientists and dieticians have ________ new ways to make pizza that is good for you. This is very ________ news for overweight pizza lovers and those who worry about their ________. Researchers in the USA looked at different ways of baking the pizza base. The team from Maryland University discovered that ________ pizza dough in the oven for a longer time made it healthier to eat. They said that doubling the ________ of baking time increased the levels of antioxidants in the mix by up to 100 percent. Antioxidants help fight cancer and heart ________ and are found in most healthy food. Furthermore, the team experimented with ________ cooking temperatures. Their results showed a higher ________ also made the dough healthier to eat. | | disease
leaving
welcome
heat
found
amount
different
weight |
| This new research may help pizza ________ around the world. However, some diet experts warned that even though this research looks good, it is still ________ to eat fruit and vegetables. In addition, pizza that is baked longer may not be so healthy if people ________ unhealthy toppings. Jacqui Lowdon, a British diet ________, warned that although the pizza base might be good for you, people might be “more ________ to choose extra cheese”. She added: "This isn't teaching people about healthy eating." Nevertheless, the study’s ________, Jeffrey Moore, said his findings were good for people who like deep-pan pizzas. Meanwhile, ________ London’s Pizza Hut today, pizza fan Jo Lambert said: "This new pizza sounds healthy, ________ not if we have too much or have cola and fries with it.” | | author
expert
better
although
likely
sales
outside
choose |
After reading
1. SYNONYM MATCH: Match the following synonyms from the article:
| a. | dietician | fat |
| b. | welcome | enthusiast |
| c. | overweight | pastry |
| d. | dough | food |
| e. | furthermore | writer |
| f. | diet | nutritionist |
| g. | choose | conclusions |
| h. | author | also |
| i. | findings | good |
| j. | fan | select |
2. PHRASE MATCH: Match the following phrases from the article (sometimes more than one combination is possible):
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| a. | dieticians have found new ways | amount of baking time |
| b. | welcome | the pizza base |
| c. | different ways of baking | people who like deep-pan pizzas |
| d. | doubling the | may not be so healthy |
| e. | Antioxidants help fight | to make pizza that is good for you |
| f. | This new research may help pizza | with it |
| g. | pizza that is baked longer | sales around the world |
| h. | people might be more | news for overweight pizza lovers |
| i. | his findings were good for | cancer and heart disease |
| j. | have cola and fries | likely to choose extra cheese
|
DICTIONARY
antioxidant – chemical substance
dietician – person who studies sort of food
food scientist – person who studies everything about food
Weather and health.
Weather has much impact on people’s health and moods. We know that weather has an effect on certain diseases such as arthritis and heart disorders. Weather is also associated with emotional problems and disturbed behavior. It is not itself a direct cause of mental illness, but it can create an added stress on people on top of marital, job and other problems.
Temperature is the most important factor. Heat is clearly linked to mood disturbances. We find that heat is an important factor in the increase of emotional problems. Humidity also has much effect on individuals. Rainy weather leads to gloominess and depression. And sunshine, especially in the North, is associated with positive mood states, especially during winter months. What` s more interesting is the finding that people are more likely to help others and behave in a prosaically way.
When people move from a cool climate to a warm, subtropical one, they are very uncomfortable at first. But adaptation ours rather quickly- about two weeks. Some people are particularly sensitive to weather. Elderly people tend to be more sensitive to weather than younger people because their cardiovascular system is less efficient. Body weight also makes a difference. Heavier people have more difficulty coping with hot weather, while thin people have harder time in extreme cold.
The ideal weather for physical and emotional well- being is when temperature in the low 70s, with some variation. Some enjoy a slight change in temperature- but not a drastic change where the temperature rises or falls more than 15 degrees. A little bit of breeze, but not a strong wind, is also ideal. Obviously, sunshine makes people feel good- as long as there is not too much of it.
Weather and Mood
Contradicting conventional wisdom, researchers found that daily temperature, wind, sunlight, precipitation, air pressure, and how long the days were had no significant effect on positive mood.
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Temperature, wind, and sunlight were found to have an effect on negative mood. Sunlight seemed to play a role on how tired people said they were.
Wind had more of a negative effect on mood in spring and summer than in fall and winter.
Sunlight had a mitigating effect on whether people reported they were tired on days when it rained.
People were so varied in how they responded that researchers write that a mood-weather link may still exist for individuals.
When days become shorter, some people’s moods mirrored that, while others actually felt more positive feelings.
DICTIONARY
arthritis- inflammation of a joint or joints
behavior - manners
depression – being depressed
disorder - confusion
disturbance – disturbing
gloominess - depressed
humidity - moisture
mood – state of mind or spirits
Exercises
Use an article where necessary
We know that … weather has … effect on certain diseases such as arthritis and
heart disorders.
Temperature is … most important factor.
We find that heat is … important factor in … increase of … emotional problems
What` s more interesting is … finding that people are more likely to help others and behave in … prosaically way.
… ideal weather for physical and emotional well- being is when temperature in … low 70s, with some variation.
Temperature, wind, and sunlight were found to have ... effect on ... negative mood.
Sunlight seemed to play ... role on how tired people said they were.
Put the missing words.
… has much impact on people’s health and moods.
… is also associated with emotional problems and disturbed behavior.
We know that … has an effect on certain diseases such as arthritis and … disorders.
… is clearly linked to mood disturbances.
Rainy … leads to gloominess and depression.
Some people are particularly sensitive to … .
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AT THE DOCTOR’S
A short test
Put in:
female, pregnancy, disease, knowing, bus, next to, healthy, poor, infected, died, virus, the truth, kiss, sick, intercourse, problem, cold, drinking, insect.
You may have heard about ____1__ called AIDS. A lot of people have been talking about it lately. Many people have got AIDS in the past few years. A lot of them__2_.
AIDS is a condition that weakens the body’s power to fight off sickness. It’s a very serious medical_____3___. That’s why people are talking about it. But sometimes people talk without ___4____ the facts. AIDS is caused by a tiny germ; doctors call a germ like this a ___5___. The virus that caused AIDS is called the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
The key thing for you to understand about AIDS is that it is not easy to get through the thing you do every day. You cannot “catch” AIDS like you can a___6__ or the chickenpox. You cannot get AIDS from doing thing like going to school, using a bathroom, or riding in a school____7_____.
It is important to know the fact about AIDS. ALL the following statements about AIDS are true. Read them. Remember them. When you hear something about AIDS that isn’t true, speak up. Say that you know the facts. Tell people___8___.
You cannot get AIDS from the things you do every day, such as going to school, using a toilet, or ____9_____ from a glass.
You cannot get AIDS from sitting ___10____ someone in school who has AIDS.
You cannot get AIDS from a __11______ on the cheek, or from touching or hugging someone who is infected.
You cannot get AIDS from a mosquito or any other kind of ____12______. The virus that causes AIDS dies inside the bugs, so there is no way they can give it to you.
You can become infected with HIV either, by having unprotected sexual intercourse with an ____13________ person or by sharing drug needles or syringes with an infected person. Also, women infected with HIV can pass the virus to their babies during ____14_____, during birth, or through breast-feeding.
A person who is infected can infect others during sexual____15____, even if no symptoms are present. You cannot tell by looking at someone whether he or she is infected with HIV. An infected person can appear completely ___16_________.
You can play with someone who has HIV or AIDS just as you can with any of your friends. This will not make you ____17________.
Many different types of people have AIDS – male and ___18__, rich and ___19___,
white, Black, Hispanic, Asian and Native Americans.
TOPIC “HARMFUL HABBIT”
Ukraine and Anti – Smoking Propaganda
Ukrainian authority and community are doing weighty steps to stop smoking epidemic in this country. The first step was made in 1995 and the Law of Ukraine “About state control on production and spirit circulation, strong drinks and tobacco output” appeared.
In the autumn of 2002 the Verkhovna Rada inserted many constructive amendments to the Law. The Law determines limitation concerning tobacco use. It is banned to use tobacco products in:
health establishments;
educational institutions;
transport;
cultural establishments;
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closed sport buildings;
lift and taxophones;
on playgrounds.
It is banned smoking in the President’s administration. It is banned by the Law selling tobacco products:
to teenagers;
on the territory of preschool, educational institutes and health establishments;
by the piece;
by teenagers.
It is banned to sell children goods that look like a cigarette.
The law says that all the tobacco production must have warning “Smoking damages health”.
What is Need to reduce Smoking?
Increase awareness of the devastating impact of smoking on health. Smoking is the leading known cause of preventable death and disease.
Recognize that nonsmoking is by far the norm among people.
Develop a research and evaluation agenda related smoking.
Support efforts, at both individual and social levels, to reduce smoking and exposure to environmental tobacco smoke among children, men and women.
Enact comprehensive statewide tobacco control programs proven to be effective in reducing and preventing tobacco use.
Increase efforts to stop the emerging epidemic of smoking in developing countries.
Support the Word Health Organization’s Framework Convention for Tobacco Control.
Exercises
Answer the questions
Where is tobacco products banned to use?
What is banned by the Law?
What is need to reduce smoking?
Smoking
Smoking is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco or cannabis, is burned and the smoke tasted or inhaled. This is primarily practiced as a route of administration for recreational drug use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs. It can also be done as a part of rituals, to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment. The most common method of smoking today is through cigarettes, primarily industrially manufactured but also hand-rolled from loose tobacco and rolling paper. Other smoking tools include pipes, cigars, hookahs and bongs. It has been suggested that smoking related disease kills one half of all long term smokers but these diseases may also be contracted by non-smokers. A 2007 report states that about 4.9 million people worldwide each year die as a result of smoking. Smoking is one of the most common forms of recreational drug use. Tobacco smoking is today by far the most popular form of smoking and is practiced by over one billion people in the majority of all human societies. Less common drugs for smoking include cannabis and opium. Some of the substances are classified as hard narcotics, like heroin, but the use of these is very limited as they are often not commercially available.
DICTIONARY
absorption - absorbing
inhale – draw into the lungs
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Exercises
Put an article where necessity
Smoking is … practice in which … substance, … most commonly tobacco or cannabis, is burned and … smoke tasted or inhaled.
It can also be done as … part of rituals, to induce trances and spiritual enlightenment.
… most common method of … smoking today is through cigarettes.
About 4.9 million people worldwide each year die as … result of … smoking.
Smoking is one of … most common forms of … recreational drug use.
Less common drugs for … smoking include cannabis and opium.
Answer the questions
What is smoking?
What is the most common method of smoking?
How many people die each year?
What is smoking today?
Health effects of tobacco
Tobacco-related diseases are some of the biggest killers in the world today and are cited as one of the biggest causes of premature death in industrialized countries. In the United States some 500,000 deaths per year are attributed to smoking-related diseases and a recent study estimated that as much as 1/3 of China's male population will have significantly shortened life-spans due to smoking. Male and female smokers lose an average of 13.2 and 14.5 years of life, respectively. At least half of all lifelong smokers die earlier as a result of smoking. The risk of dying from lung cancer before age 85 is 22.1% for a male smoker and 11.9% for a female current smoker, in the absence of competing causes of death. The corresponding estimates for lifelong nonsmokers are a 1.1% probability of dying from lung cancer before age 85 for a man of European descent, and a 0.8% probability for a woman.
Smoking one cigarette a day results in a risk of heart disease that is halfway between that of a smoker and a non-smoker. The non-linear dose response relationship is explained by soaking’s effect on platelet aggregation. Among the diseases and afflictions that can be caused by smoking are vascular stenos is, lung cancer, heart attacks and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
Many governments are trying to deter people from smoking with anti-smoking campaigns in mass media stressing the harmful long-term effects of smoking. Passive smoking, or secondhand smoking, which affects people in the immediate vicinity of smokers, is a major reason for the enforcement of smoking bans. This is a law enforced to stop individuals smoking in indoor public places, such as bars, pubs and restaurants. The idea behind this is to discourage smoking by making it more inconvenient, and to stop harmful smoke being present in enclosed public spaces. A common concern among legislators is to discourage smoking among minors and many states have passed laws against selling tobacco products to underage customers. Many developing countries have not adopted anti-smoking policies, leading some to call for anti-smoking campaigns and further education to explain the negative effects of ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) in developing countries.
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Despite the many bans, European countries still hold 18 of the top 20 spots, and according to the ERC, a market research company, the heaviest smokers are from Greece, averaging 3,000 cigarettes per person in 2007. Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined in the developed world but continue to rise in developing countries. Smoking rates in the United States have dropped by half from 1965 to 2006, falling from 42% to 20.8% in adults. The effects of addiction on society vary considerably between different substances that can be smoked and the indirect social problems that they cause, in great part because of the differences in legislation and the enforcement of narcotics legislation around the world. Though nicotine is a highly addictive drug, its effects on cognition are not as intense or noticeable as other drugs such as, cocaine, amphetamines or any of the opiates (including heroin and morphine). As tobacco is also not an illegal drug, there is no black market with high risks and high prices for consumers. Smoking is a risk factor in Alzheimer's Disease.
DICTIONARY
cancer – diseased growth in the body
platelet – substance of blood
vascular – ducts through which bllod
Exercises
- Find the pairs:
- Tobacco-related diseases are … .
- At least half of all lifelong smokers … .
- Smoking one cigarette a day results in a risk of heart disease …
- The idea behind this is to discourage smoking … .
- Rates of smoking have leveled off or declined … .
- Smoking is a risk factor … .
- that is halfway between that of a smoker and a non-smoker.
- in the developed world but continue to rise in developing countries.
- by making it more inconvenient.
- in Alzheimer's Disease.
- some of the biggest killers in the world today.
- die earlier as a result of smoking.
Drug
Coffee is the most widely used psychotropic beverage in the world. In 1999 the average consumption of coffee was 3.5 cups per day per U.S. citizen.
Wine is a common alcoholic beverage.
A drug, broadly speaking, is any substance that, when absorbed into the body of a living organism, alters normal bodily function. There is no single, precise definition, as there are different meanings in drug control law, government regulations, medicine, and colloquial usage. In pharmacology, a drug is "a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being”. Drugs may be prescribed for a limited duration, or on a regular basis for chronic disorders.
Recreational drugs are chemical substances that affect the central nervous system, such as opioids or hallucinogens. They may be used for perceived beneficial effects on perception,
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consciousness, personality, and behavior.
Some drugs can cause addiction and habituation. Drugs are usually distinguished from endogenous biochemical’s by being introduced from outside the organism. For example, insulin is a hormone that is synthesized in the body; it is called a hormone when it is synthesized by the pancreas inside the body, but if it is introduced into the body from outside, it is called a drug. Many natural substances such as beers, wines, and some mushrooms, blur the line between food and drugs, as when ingested they affect the functioning of both mind and body.
A medication or medicine is a drug taken to cure and/or ameliorate any symptoms of an illness or medical condition, or may be used as preventive medicine that has future benefits but does not treat any existing or pre-existing diseases or symptoms.
In the United Kingdom, BTC medicines are called pharmacy medicines which can only be sold in registered pharmacies, by or under the supervision of a pharmacist.
Drugs, both medicinal and recreational, can be administered in a number of ways:
Orally, as a liquid or solid, that is absorbed through the intestines.
Sublingually, diffusing into the blood through tissues under the tongue.
Inhaled, (breathed into the lungs), as an aerosol or dry powder.
Injected as a solution, suspension or emulsion either: intramuscular, intravenous.
Rectally as a suppository, that is absorbed by the rectum or colon.
Vaginally as a suppository, primarily to treat vaginal infections.
Bolus, a substance into the stomach to dissolve slowly.
Insufflations, or snorted into the nose.
Usually as a cream or ointment. A drug administered in this manner may be given to act locally or systemically.
The cigarette is the common pharmaceutical form of tobacco – one of the worlds’s best selling drugs.
Cannabis is another commonly used recreational drug.
Recreational drugs use is the use of psychoactive substances to have fun, for the experience, or to enhance an already positive experience. National laws prohibit the use of many different recreational drugs and medicinal drugs that have the potential for recreational use are heavily regulated. Many other recreational drugs on the other hand are legal, widely culturally accepted. These include alcohol, tobacco, betel nut, and caffeine products.
Some governments define the term drug by law. In the United States, the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act definition of "drug" includes "articles intended for use in the diagnosis, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man or other animals" and "articles intended to affect the structure or any function of the body of man or other animals."
Consistent with that definition, the U.S. separately defines narcotic drugs and controlled substances, which may include non-drugs, and explicitly excludes tobacco, caffeine and alcoholic beverages.
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DICTIONARY
addiction – being addicted
beverage – any sort of drink except water, milk, tea, beer
colon – lower and greater part of the large intestine
consciousness – all the ideas, thoughts, feelings, wishes, recollections of a person
intestines – lower part of the food canal from below the stomach to the anus
intramuscular – within a muscular
intravenous – within a vein or veins
pancreas – gland near the stomach
perception – process by which we become aware of changes
pharmacist – person who dispensing of medicines and drugs
prevention – act of preventing
preventive – serving or designed to prevent
Exercises
Use different forms of verb To be opening the brackets.
Coffee (to be) the most widely used psychotropic beverage in the world.
In 1999 the average consumption of coffee (to be) 3.5 cups per day per U.S. citizen.
A drug (to be) a chemical substance used in the treatment, cure, prevention, or diagnosis of disease or used to otherwise enhance physical or mental well-being.
Recreational drugs (to be) chemical substances that affect the central nervous system.
Drugs can (to be) administered in a number of ways.
Cannabis (to be) another commonly used recreational drug.
Many other recreational drugs on the other hand (to be) legal, widely culturally accepted.
Make up Mind – map of a number of ways of drugs.
TOPIC “Biotechnology” Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living things in engineering, technology, medicine, and other useful applications. Modern use similar term includes genetic engineering as well as cell- and tissue culture technologies. The concept encompasses a wide range of procedures for modifying living organisms according to human purposes - going back to domestication of animals, cultivation of plants, and "improvements" to these through breeding programs that employ artificial selection and hybridization. By comparison to biotechnology, bioengineering is generally thought of as a related field with its emphasis more on higher systems approaches for interfacing with and utilizing living things.
Biotechnology draws on the pure biological sciences (genetics, microbiology, animal cell culture, molecular biology, biochemistry, embryology, cell biology) and in many instances is also dependent on knowledge and methods from outside the sphere of biology (chemical engineering, bioprocess engineering, information technology).
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Conversely, modern biological sciences (including even concepts such as molecular ecology) are intimately entwined and dependent on the methods developed through biotechnology and what is commonly thought of as the life sciences industry.
Biotechnology has applications in four major industrial areas, including health care (medical), crop production and agriculture, non food (industrial) uses of crops and other products (e.g. biodegradable plastics, vegetable oil), and environmental uses. For example, one application of biotechnology is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of organic products (examples include beer and milk products). Another example is using naturally present bacteria by the mining industry in bioleaching.
Biotechnology is also used to recycle, treat waste, clean up sites contaminated by industrial activities (bioremediation), and also to produce biological weapons.
A series of derived terms have been coined to identify several branches of biotechnology, for example:
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field which addresses biological problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization and analysis of biological data possible. The field may also be referred to as computational biology, and can be defined as, "conceptualizing biology in terms of molecules and then applying informatics techniques to understand and organize the information associated with these molecules, on a large scale." Bioinformatics plays a key role in various areas, such as functional genomics, structural genomics, and proteomics, and forms a key component in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical sector.
Blue biotechnology is a term that has been used to describe the marine and aquatic applications of biotechnology, but its use is relatively rare.
Green biotechnology is biotechnology applied to agricultural processes. An example would be the selection and domestication of plants via micro propagation. Another example is the designing of transgenic plants to grow under specific environments in the presence (or absence) of chemicals. One hope is that green biotechnology might produce more environmentally friendly solutions than traditional industrial agriculture. An example of this is the engineering of a plant to express a pesticide, thereby ending the need of external application of pesticides. An example of this would be BT corn. Whether or not green biotechnology products such as this are ultimately more environmentally friendly is a topic of considerable debate.
Red biotechnology is applied to medical processes. Some examples are the designing of organisms to produce antibiotics, and the engineering of genetic cures through genetic manipulation.
White biotechnology, also known as industrial biotechnology, is biotechnology applied to industrial processes. An example is the designing of an organism to produce a useful chemical. Another example is the using of enzymes as industrial catalysts to either produce valuable chemicals or destroy hazardous/polluting chemicals. White biotechnology tends to consume less in resources than traditional processes used to produce industrial goods. The investment and economic output of all of these types of applied biotechnologies is termed as bioeconomy.
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Cloning
Cloning involves the removal of the nucleus from one cell and its placement in an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has either been deactivated or removed. There are two types of cloning:
Reproductive cloning. After a few divisions, the egg cell is placed into a uterus where it is allowed to develop into fetes that are genetically identical to the donor of the original nucleus.
Therapeutic cloning. The egg is placed into a Petri dish where it develops into embryonic stem cells, which have shown potentials for treating several ailments.
In February 1997, cloning became the focus of media attention when Ian Wilmot and his colleagues at the Roslyn Institute announced the successful cloning of a sheep, named Dolly, from the mammary glands of an adult female. The cloning of Dolly made it apparent to many that the techniques used to produce her could someday be used to clone human beings. This stirred a lot of controversy because of its ethical implications.
Agriculture. Crop yield
Using the techniques of modern biotechnology, one or two genes (Smarts tax from Monsanto in collaboration with Dow Agro Sciences will use eight, starting in 2010) may be transferred to a highly developed crop variety to impart a new character that would increase its yield. However, while increases in crop yield are the most obvious applications of modern biotechnology in agriculture, it is also the most difficult one. Current genetic engineering techniques work best for effects that are controlled by a single gene.
Many of the genetic characteristics associated with yield (e.g., enhanced growth) are controlled by a large number of genes, each of which has a minimal effect on the overall yield. There is, therefore, much scientific work to be done in this area.
Crops containing genes that will enable them to withstand biotic and a biotic stresses may be developed. For example, drought and excessively salty soil are two important limiting factors in crop productivity.
Biotechnologists are studying plants that can cope with these extreme conditions in the hope of finding the genes that enable them to do so and eventually transferring these genes to the more desirable crops.
One of the latest developments is the identification of a plant gene, At-DBF2, from Arabidopsis thaliana, a tiny weed that is often used for plant research because it is very easy to grow and its genetic code is well mapped out. When this gene was inserted into tomato and tobacco cells (see RNA interference), the cells were able to withstand environmental stresses like salt, drought, cold and heat, far more than ordinary cells. If these preliminary results prove successful in larger trials, then At-DBF2 genes can help in engineering crops that can better withstand harsh environments. Researchers have also created transgenic rice plants that are resistant to rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV).
In Africa, this virus destroys majority of the rice crops and makes the surviving plants more susceptible to fungal infections.
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Biological engineering
Biotechnological engineering or biological engineering is a branch of engineering that focuses on biotechnologies and biological science. It includes different disciplines such as biochemical engineering, biomedical engineering, bio-process engineering, biosystem engineering and so on. Because of the novelty of the field, the definition of a bioengineer is still undefined. However, in general it is an integrated approach of fundamental biological sciences and traditional engineering principles.
Biotechnologists are often employed to scale up bioprocesses from the laboratory scale to the manufacturing scale. Moreover, as with most engineers, they often deal with management, economic and legal issues. Since patents and regulation (e.g., U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulation in the U.S.) are very important issues for biotech enterprises, bioengineers are often required to have knowledge related to these issues. The increasing number of biotech enterprises is likely to create a need for bioengineers in the years to come.
Many universities throughout the world are now providing programs in bioengineering and biotechnology (as independent programs or specialty programs within more established engineering fields).
DICTIONARY
ailments – illness
antibiotics – substance produced by mould and bacteria
aquatic – growing or living in or near water
artificial selection – not natural or real choosing
biochemistry – chemistry of living organisms
bioengineer -member of the branch of biology
bioinformatics – news of science
bioremediation - cleaning
biotechnology – systematic application of knowledge of biology
breeding - knowledge of how to behave resulting from upbringing
cell – microscopic unit of living matter
cloning – to make alike
code - system of rules
crop -yearly produce of grain
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cultivation - to produce
domestication – tame animals
donor – person who gives something
ecology – branch of biology that deals with the habits of living things
egg cell – embryo enclosed in a shell
embryology – branch of science which studies very early srage of development
embryonic stem cells – part of a plant coming up from the roofs
enzyme - ferment
fungal infection - communication of disease
gene – one of the biological factors controlling heredity
genetic -of genes
genetics - science dealing with heredity
mammary gland – organ that separates from the blood substances that aer to be used by or expelled from the body
micro propagation - propagating
molecular - a group of atom
nucleus – central part of atom
surviving - state of continuing to live
unfertilized – make not fertile
virus – any of various poisonous elements
Exercises
Answer the questions.
What is a biotechnology?
What kind of biotechnology do you know? Tell about them.
What is cloning? How many types of cloning are there?
What do you know about a crop yield? Give examples.
What is a biotechnological engineering?
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ІІ. Put missing words into the sentences.
Biotechnology is a field of applied … that involves the use of living things in engineering, … , medicine, and other useful applications.
Modern use similar term includes … engineering as well as … and … culture … .
… draws on the pure … sciences.
One application of … is the directed use of organisms for the manufacture of … products.
… is an interdisciplinary field which addresses ... problems using computational techniques, and makes the rapid organization and analysis of.... data possible.
... … is a term that has been used to describe the ... and.... applications of biotechnology.
... … is biotechnology applied to… processes.
… … also known as industrial ..., is biotechnology applied to industrial processes.
The investment and economic output of all of these types of applied ... is termed as... .
… involves the removal of the … from one cell and its placement in an … … … whose nucleus has either been deactivated or removed.
Current … … techniques work best for effects that are controlled by a single ….
… engineering or biological engineering is a branch of … that focuses on biotechnologies and biological science.
… are often employed to scale up bioprocesses from the laboratory scale to the manufacturing scale.
Make up Mind – Map “What is biotechnology?”
Find the pair
single a) selection
crop b) cell
aquatic c) stem cells
artificial d) infection
produce e) gland
biochemical f) engineering
breeding g) of animals
cell h) program
reproductive i) culture
transgenic j) biology
crop k) production
biological l) application
domestication m) engineering
information n) plant
egg o) from one cell
embryonic p) cloning
engineering crops q) egg cell
fungal r) yield
biotech s) crop
genetic t) enterprises
mammary u) gene
molecular v) technology
nucleus w) weapon
unfertilized x) antibiotics
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Додаток
ENGLISH – UKRAINIAN DICTIONARY
A
ability [ə’biliti] - 1) здібність; 2) pl таланти
absorption [əb's ס: pςən] – всмоктування
acid ['æsid] - кислота
addiction [ə'dikςən] – шкідлива звичка
administrator [ə'dministreitə] - керуючий
advocate ['ædvəkit] - захисник
ailments ['eilmənt] - захворювання
airways [εəweis] – дихальні шляхи
amusement [ə’mju: zmənt] - розвага
antibiotics ['æntibai' סtik] – антибіотики
antioxidant['ænti סksidænt] - антиоксидант
appetite [‘æpitait] –апетит
aquatic [ə'kwætik] - водний
arthritis [a: oritis] – артрит
artificial selection [a: ti’fiςəl si'lekςən] - штучний відбір
artisan [a: tizæn] – майстер
B
bacteria [bæk' tiəriə] – бактерія
behavior [bi'heiviə] – поведінка
beverage ['bevəridz] – напій
biochemistry ['baiou'kemistri] – біохімія
biodegradable [‘baioudigreidæbl] - біорозкладання
bioengineer [‘baiouendzi’niə] - біоінженер
bioinformatics[‘baiouin’fomætiks] - біоінфoрматика
bioleaching [' baioulitςiη] - біовищелачівання
bioremediation ['baiouri'mi: djəςn] - біологічна очистка
biotech ['baioutetςn] - біотехнологічний
biotechnology ['baioutek'nסlədzi] - біотехнологія
blanket ['blæηkit] - поверхневий
blood pumping [bl٨d p٨mpiη] - перекачування крові
brain [brein] – мозок
breeding ['bri: diη] - селекційний
bronchitis [br סη 'kaitis] – бронхіт
Brussels sprouts [brju: sls sprauts] – брюссельська капуста
bug [bug] - клоп
C
calorie ['kæləri] – калорія
cancer ['kænsə] – рак (мед.)
cardiovascular [ka: diovækjula:] – серцево – судинна
cell [sel] - клітина
change one’s mind – передумати
cloning ['klסniη] - клонування
code [koud] - код
colon ['koulən] – товста кишка
composer [komposə] - композитор
consciousness ['k nסςəsnis] - свідомість
conservator [konsə: veite] - зберігач
coordinator [kou' ס: dineit ס] – координатор
COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease – хронічно – обструктивна хвороба легень
counsellor ['kaunsiə] - радник
crafter [kra: ftə] - ремісник
crop [krop] - врожай, сільськогосподарська культура
cultivation [k٨lti'veiςən] - вирощування
сure [kjuə] – лікування, ліки
D
damage ['dæmid3] – шкода
dentification [dentifikeiςn] - ідентифікація
depression [di'preςən] – депресія
destroy [dis’trסi] - розрушити
deterioration [diֽtiəriə'reiςən] - погіршення
dietician [daiətiςən] - дієтолог
digestion [di'dzestςən] – травлення
dilute [dai'lju: t] - розведений
disability [disə'biliti] – інвалідність
disease [di'zi: z] – хвороба
disorder r [disס: də] – захворювання
disturbance [dis’tə: bəns] – порушення
dizziness ['dizinis] - головокружіння
domestication [dəmesti'keiςən] - одомашнення
donor ['dounə] - донор
dump [d٨mр] - смітник
E
ecology [i: kסlədzi] – екологія
egg cell [eg sel] - яйцеклітина
embryology[embri'סlədzi] – ембріологія
embryonic stem cells [embri’סnik stem sel] - ембріональні стовбурові клітини
endanger [in'deind3ə] - погрожувати
entertainer [entəteinə] - людина, яка звеселяє гостей
enzyme ['enzaim] - ферменти
equilibrium [ֽi: kwi’libriəm] - рівновага
ETS (Environmental Tobacco Smoke) - тютюновий дим
evaporate [i'væpəreit] - випаровуватися
evaporation [iֽvæpə'reiςn] - випаровування
F
fast pace [fa: st peis] - швидкий темп
fertilizer ['fə: tilaizə] - добриво
field marshal [fi: ld ma: ςəl] – фельдмаршер
figure [‘figə] – особистість
fluid ['flu: id] - рідина, газ
food scientist [fud ’saiətist ] - логіст
food processing [fud prə’sesiη] - харчова промисловість
fungal infection ['f٨ηgəl in'fekςən] - грибкова інфекція
G
gene [dzi: n] - ген
genetic [dzi'netikl] - генний, генетичний
genetics [dzi'netiks] – генетика
genomics [dzi'nסmiks] - геноміка
gloominess [glu: maines] – похмурість
guardian [ga: djən] – зберігач, опікун
H
healer 'hi: lə] - цілитель
heart [ha: t] – серце
heat [hi: t] – тепло
hesitation [hezi’teiςən] - недовіра
human ['hju: mən] – людський
humidity [hju:'miditi] – вологість
hunger ['h٨ηgə] – голод
hybridization [haibridai'zeiςən] – гібридизація
I
idealist [ai'diəliəst] – ідеаліст
increase metabolism [inkri: z me'tæbəlizəm] – активізувати обмін речовин
inhaled [in'heil] – затягнутися, вдихнути
insistent [insistənt] – настійливий
inspector [in’spəktə] - контролер
interrelated [‘intə: rileitid] - взаємопов’язаний
intestines [in'testins] – кишечник
intramuscular [intræmju: skju: la:] - внутрішньом'язовий
intravenous [intræ'vinəs] –внутрішньовенний
inventor [in'vəntə] – винахідник
irritation [iri'teiςən] - розлютування
K
kind [kaind] - рід, різновидність, тип, якість
L
lack of concentration [læk סf kסnsen'treiςən] – відсутність концентрації
leisure [‘leςə] - вільний час
lose one’s confidence – втратити впевненість у собі
lung [l٨η] – легеня
M
mammary gland [mæməri glænd] - молочна залоза
mastermind [mastəmaind] – натхненник
mentor [ment ס:] - наставник
micro propagation [‘maikrou prסpəgeinςən] - мікророзповсюдження
mind [maind] – розум
moisture [‘mסistςə] волога
molecular [mou'lekjulə] – молекулярний
mood [mu: d] – настрій
movement ['mu: vmənt] - рух
muscle cramp [‘m٨sl kræmp] - мускульна судома
N
nausea ['nס: sjə] - морська хвороба
nitrites [naitraits] – нітрити
nucleus [‘nju: kliəs] - ядра
nutrient [nju: triənt] - поживний
O
obesity [ou'bi: siti] – ожиріння
operator [opəreite] – хірург, робітник
oral [ס: rəl] – ротовий
P
pancreas ['pæηkris] – підшлункова залоза
perception[pə'sepςən] – сприйняття
performer [pəf ס: mə] - актор
personality [ֽpə: sə’næliti] - особистість
perspiration [ֽpə: spə’reiςən] - піт
pharmacist ['fa: məsist] – фармацевт
physical body [‘fizikəl boudi] – фізичне тіло
physical fitness [‘fizikəl fitnes] – фізична придатність
pill [pil] – таблетка
platelet [pleitlet] – тромбоцити
poisonous ['pסiznəs] - ядовитий
precipitation [priֽsipi'teiςən] - падіння
pressure ['preoə] - тиск
prevention [pri'venςən] – профілактика
preventive [pri'ventiv] – профілактичний
promoter[prə'moutə] - обличчя, яке допомагає розвитку науки
proof [pru: f] - непроникливий
protector[prə'təktə] - захисник
provider [prə'vaidə] – постачальник
psychotropic [saikəutrəpik] – психотропний
R
rationale['ræςənl] – розумний
Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine – респіраторні захворювання та інтенсивна терапія
ring [riη] - кільце
RNA interference - РНК інтерференція
S
salivary [səliværi] – слинний
shade [ςeid] - тінь
share [ςεə] - ділити
snack [snæk] – легка їжа
solve [solv] – вирішувати
soul [ soul] – душа
starve [sta: v] – голодувати
stomach['st٨mək] – шлунок
stuff [staf] – речовина, ліки
sunlight ['s٨nlit] - сонячне світло
supervisor ['sju: pəvaizə] - спостерігач
supply [sə'plai] – запас
surrounding [sə’raundiη] - cсередовище
surviving [sə'vaiviη] - виживання
T
take-away [teik - əwei] – на винос
tension ['tənςən] – напружений стан
tepid ['tepid] - теплий
tissue ['tiֽςju:] – тканина
tone muscles [toun m٨ sl] - тонус м'язів
transgenic [trænzdzi: nik] - трансгенний
U
unfertilized [٨nfə: tilaizd] - незапліднений
V
vapour ['veipə] - випаровування, пар
vascular ['væskjulə] –судинний
virus ['vaiərіəs] - вірус
vomit ['vסmit] - рвота
W
weight [weit] – вага
well-balanced – врівноважений
whale [weil] - кит
wisdom ['wizdəm] – мудрість
worry[w٨ri] – безтурботність
ЛІТЕРАТУРА
Англійська мова 10-11: Програма для загальноосвітніх навчальних закладів. – Київ,2010.
Біологія 10-11: Програма для профільного навчання учнів загальноосвітніх навчальних закладів:рівень стандарту, академічний рівень, профільний рівень. – Тернопіль: Мандрівець,2011.
Біологія. 10 клас (рівень стандарту, академічний рівень). Підручник для загальноосвітніх навчальних закладів. – О.В.Тагліна. -Х.:Ранок,2010.
Журнал «Англійська мова і література» №4 2008.
Шаламов Р.В. біологія. Комплексний довідник. – Ранок,2010.
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